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Caspases have other identified roles in programmed cell death such as pyroptosis, necroptosis and PANoptosis. These forms of cell death are important for protecting an organism from stress signals and pathogenic attack. Caspases also have a role in inflammation, whereby it directly processes pro-inflammatory cytokines such as pro-IL1β.
Caspase-3 has been found to be necessary for normal brain development as well as its typical role in apoptosis, where it is responsible for chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation. [20] Elevated levels of a fragment of Caspase-3, p17, in the bloodstream is a sign of a recent myocardial infarction . [ 51 ]
Apoptotic DNA fragmentation is a key feature of apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death. Apoptosis is characterized by the activation of endogenous endonucleases, particularly the caspase-3 activated DNase (CAD), [1] with subsequent cleavage of nuclear DNA into internucleosomal fragments of roughly 180 base pairs (bp) and multiples thereof ...
Caspase-9 has multiple additional cellular functions that are independent of its role in apoptosis. Nonapoptotic roles of caspase-9 include regulation of necroptosis, cellular differentiation, innate immune response, sensory neuron maturation, mitochondrial homeostasis, corticospinal circuit organization, and ischemic vascular injury. [9]
ICAD has two caspase recognition sites at Asp117 and Asp224. CAD release from ICAD inhibition is achieved by cleavage of ICAD at these Asp residues by the caspase-3. [20] Caspase-3 is activated in the apoptotic cell. [9] Caspase-3 activation is a cell requirement during early stages of the skeletal myoblast differentiation.
Caspase-2 is an important enzyme in the cysteine aspartate protease family, known as caspases, which are central to the regulation of apoptosis and, in certain cases, inflammation. While many caspases are mainly involved in the initiation and execution of cell death, caspase-2 has a broader range of functions.
Caspase-8 is a caspase protein, encoded by the CASP8 gene. It most likely acts upon caspase-3 . CASP8 orthologs [ 5 ] have been identified in numerous mammals for which complete genome data are available.
Caspase-6 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CASP6 gene. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] CASP6 orthologs [ 7 ] have been identified in numerous mammals for which complete genome data are available. Unique orthologs are also present in birds , lizards , lissamphibians , and teleosts .