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  2. Spurious relationship - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spurious_relationship

    Graphical model: Whereas a mediator is a factor in the causal chain (top), a confounder is a spurious factor incorrectly implying causation (bottom). In statistics, a spurious relationship or spurious correlation [1] [2] is a mathematical relationship in which two or more events or variables are associated but not causally related, due to either coincidence or the presence of a certain third ...

  3. Illusory correlation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illusory_correlation

    In psychology, illusory correlation is the phenomenon of perceiving a relationship between variables (typically people, events, or behaviors) even when no such relationship exists. A false association may be formed because rare or novel occurrences are more salient and therefore tend to capture one's attention . [ 1 ]

  4. Correlation does not imply causation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation_does_not_imply...

    Example 3. In other cases it may simply be unclear which is the cause and which is the effect. For example: Children that watch a lot of TV are the most violent. Clearly, TV makes children more violent. This could easily be the other way round; that is, violent children like watching more TV than less violent ones. Example 4

  5. Causal research - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_research

    Causal research, is the investigation of (research into) cause-relationships. [1] [2] [3] To determine causality, variation in the variable presumed to influence the difference in another variable(s) must be detected, and then the variations from the other variable(s) must be calculated (s).

  6. Confounding - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confounding

    Confounding is defined in terms of the data generating model. Let X be some independent variable, and Y some dependent variable.To estimate the effect of X on Y, the statistician must suppress the effects of extraneous variables that influence both X and Y.

  7. Data dredging - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_dredging

    When enough hypotheses are tested, it is virtually certain that some will be reported to be statistically significant (even though this is misleading), since almost every data set with any degree of randomness is likely to contain (for example) some spurious correlations. If they are not cautious, researchers using data mining techniques can be ...

  8. Spider-webbing: What is the new toxic dating trend? - AOL

    www.aol.com/news/spider-webbing-toxic-dating...

    Heads up, single people: there’s a new trend for you to dodge on the way to your next date.. Introducing Spider Webbing, a term used to describe an accumulation of toxic behaviours that have ...

  9. Four-sides model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-sides_model

    (On the matter layer he will understand the "fact" "the traffic lights are green", he could also understand it as "Come on, drive! ."-"command", or on the "relationship" could hear a help like "I want to help you, or if he hears behind it: I am in a hurry the passenger reveals part of himself "self-revelatory".") The emphasis on the four layers ...