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Folds can be regarded as consistently replacing the structural components of a data structure with functions and values. Lists, for example, are built up in many functional languages from two primitives: any list is either an empty list, commonly called nil ([]), or is constructed by prefixing an element in front of another list, creating what is called a cons node ( Cons(X1,Cons(X2,Cons ...
In object-oriented computer programming, a null object is an object with no referenced value or with defined neutral (null) behavior.The null object design pattern, which describes the uses of such objects and their behavior (or lack thereof), was first published as "Void Value" [1] and later in the Pattern Languages of Program Design book series as "Null Object".
In information theory, linguistics, and computer science, the Levenshtein distance is a string metric for measuring the difference between two sequences. The Levenshtein distance between two words is the minimum number of single-character edits (insertions, deletions or substitutions) required to change one word into the other.
(append ' (1 2 3) ' (a b) ' ' (6));Output: (1 2 3 a b 6) Since the append procedure must completely copy all of its arguments except the last, both its time and space complexity are O( n ) for a list of n {\displaystyle n} elements.
In languages which support first-class functions and currying, map may be partially applied to lift a function that works on only one value to an element-wise equivalent that works on an entire container; for example, map square is a Haskell function which squares each element of a list.
Depending on the language, an explicit assignment sign may be used in place of the equal sign (and some languages require the word int even in the numerical case). An optional step-value (an increment or decrement ≠ 1) may also be included, although the exact syntaxes used for this differ a bit more between the languages.
In computer science, a generator is a routine that can be used to control the iteration behaviour of a loop.All generators are also iterators. [1] A generator is very similar to a function that returns an array, in that a generator has parameters, can be called, and generates a sequence of values.
The "QMap" key/value dictionary (up to Qt 4) template class of Qt is implemented with skip lists. [13] Redis, an ANSI-C open-source persistent key/value store for Posix systems, uses skip lists in its implementation of ordered sets. [14] Discord uses skip lists to handle storing and updating the list of members in a server. [15]