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Though slower than glucose, its yield is much higher. One molecule of glucose produces through aerobic glycolysis a net of 30-32 ATP; [11] whereas a fatty acid can produce through beta oxidation a net of approximately 100 ATP depending on the type of fatty acid. For example, palmitic acid can produce a net of 106 ATP. [12]
When a fatty acid oxidation disorder affects the muscles, it is a metabolic myopathy. Moreover, cancer cells can display irregular fatty acid metabolism with regard to both fatty acid synthesis [44] and mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO) [45] that are involved in diverse aspects of tumorigenesis and cell growth.
Oxidation by FAD; Hydration; Oxidation by NAD + Thiolysis; Production of acyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA; The final product of β-oxidation of an even-numbered fatty acid is acetyl-CoA, the entry molecule for the citric acid cycle. [3] If the fatty acid is an odd-numbered chain, the final product of β-oxidation will be propionyl-CoA.
Long chain fatty acids (more than 14 carbon) need to be converted to fatty acyl-CoA in order to pass across the mitochondria membrane. [6] Fatty acid catabolism begins in the cytoplasm of cells as acyl-CoA synthetase uses the energy from cleavage of an ATP to catalyze the addition of coenzyme A to the fatty acid. [6]
Lipid peroxidation, or lipid oxidation, is a complex chemical process that leads to oxidative degradation of lipids, [1] resulting in the formation of peroxide and hydroperoxide derivatives. [2] It occurs when free radicals , specifically reactive oxygen species (ROS), interact with lipids within cell membranes , typically polyunsaturated fatty ...
Lipolysis / l ɪ ˈ p ɒ l ɪ s ɪ s / is the metabolic pathway through which lipid triglycerides are hydrolyzed into a glycerol and free fatty acids. It is used to mobilize stored energy during fasting or exercise , and usually occurs in fat adipocytes .
Fatty acid synthesis starts with acetyl-CoA and builds up by the addition of two-carbon units. Fatty acid synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm of cells while oxidative degradation occurs in the mitochondria. Many of the enzymes for the fatty acid synthesis are organized into a multienzyme complex called fatty acid synthase. [5]
Example of Beta Oxidation using Stearic Acid. Beta oxidation, as well as alpha-oxidation, also occurs in the peroxisome. [1] The peroxisome handles beta oxidation of fatty acids that have more than 20 carbons in their chain because the peroxisome contains very-long-chain Acyl-CoA synthetases. [9] These enzymes are better equipped to oxidize ...