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The historical roots of Papal primacy can be traced back to the early centuries of Christianity, wherein the bishop of Rome, commonly referred to as the Pope, gradually accrued increasing authority and recognition. A confluence of historical, theological, and political factors contributed to this development.
Papal primacy, also known as the primacy of the bishop of Rome, is an ecclesiological doctrine in the Catholic Church concerning the respect and authority that is due to the pope from other bishops and their episcopal sees.
The primacy of the Bishop of Rome over the whole Catholic Church is derived from the pope's status as successor to Peter as "Prince of the Apostles" and as "Vicar of Christ" (Vicarius Christi). The First Vatican Council defined papal primacy in the sense of papal supremacy as an essential institution of the Church that can never be relinquished.
View of Sutri. The Donation of Sutri was an agreement reached at Sutri by Liutprand, King of the Lombards and Pope Gregory II in 728. At Sutri, the two reached an agreement by which the city and some hill towns in Latium (like Vetralla) were given to the Papacy, "as a gift to the blessed Apostles Peter and Paul" according to the Liber Pontificalis.
The Catholic Church believes that they "constitute what has been termed a primacy of honor. These prerogatives are not, like his jurisdictional rights, tied to the divine jure of his office. They have grown in the course of history, and have been enshrined by the passage of centuries, but they are not free from modification." [1]
In theology, "[t]he range of interpretations [of Haec sancta] is large.It ranges from the qualification of the decree as a dogma via the so-called 'necessity theory', to the thesis of minimizing its theological content to that of a legal decree, not a doctrinal statement, which is mainly due to the way the language of the text is opened up".
Gallicanism tended to restrain the pope's authority in favour of that of bishops and the people's representatives in the State, or the monarch. [5] But the most respected proponents of Gallican ideas did not contest the pope's primacy in the Church, merely his supremacy and doctrinal infallibility.
Church § Papal authority; Ignaz von Döllinger § Papal authority; Ultramontanism § Position of other apostolic churches; Papal infallibility § Objections; Old Catholic Church § First Vatican Council, Old Catholic Union of Utrecht; Sedevacantism; Josip Juraj Strossmayer § Catholic diplomacy