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Annual ryegrass toxicity (ARGT) is the poisoning of livestock from toxin contained in bacterially infected annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum). The toxin is produced by the bacterium Rathayibacter toxicus (formerly Clavibacter toxicus ), which is carried into the ryegrass by the nematode Anguina funesta .
According to Ian Heap, a weed specialist, who completed his PhD on resistance to multiple herbicides in annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in 1988 [189] – the first case of an herbicide-resistant weed in Australia [190] – by 2014 Lolium rigidum was the "world’s worst herbicide-resistant weed" with instances in "12 countries, 11 sites of ...
In addition, it serves as a host for species of the bacteria Clavibacter, which cause annual ryegrass toxicity (ARGT), and can be infected by the poisonous ergot fungus, [9] which causes ergotism in humans and other mammals. [10] Attempts to control it with herbicide have met with an unexpectedly high level of herbicide resistance. Over 90% of ...
Roundup is a brand name of herbicide originally produced by Monsanto, which Bayer acquired in 2018. Prior to the late-2010s formulations, it used broad-spectrum glyphosate-based herbicides . [ 1 ] As of 2009, sales of Roundup herbicides still represented about 10 percent of Monsanto's revenue despite competition from Chinese producers of other ...
Annual ryegrass (L. rigidum) is one of the most serious and costly weeds of cropping systems in southern Australia, and herbicide resistance is a frequent problem. [12] Ryegrass pollen is also one of the major causes of hay fever .
Lolium multiflorum (Italian rye-grass, [2] annual ryegrass) is a ryegrass native to temperate Europe, though its precise native range is unknown. [3] It is a herbaceous annual, biennial, or perennial grass that is grown for silage, and as a cover crop. [4] [5] It is also grown as an ornamental grass.
One major complication to the use of herbicides for weed control is the ability of plants to evolve herbicide resistance, rendering the herbicides ineffective against target plants. Out of 31 known herbicide modes of action, weeds have evolved resistance to 21. 268 plant species are known to have evolved herbicide resistance at least once. [59]
Annual ryegrass is a common name for several species of ryegrass and may refer to: Lolium multiflorum, known as "annual ryegrass" in the United States, ...