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Isoprenaline was discovered in 1940 [5] and was developed in the 1940s. [7] It was first approved for medical use in 1947 in the United States. [15] Isoprenaline was one of the first synthetic sympathomimetic amines, was the first selective β-adrenergic receptor agonist, and was the first major sympathomimetic agent devoid of pressor effects ...
The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, or NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS), is a tool used by healthcare providers to objectively quantify the impairment caused by a stroke and aid planning post-acute care disposition, though was intended to assess differences in interventions in clinical trials. The NIHSS was designed for the National ...
The mechanisms of sympathomimetic drugs can be direct-acting (direct interaction between drug and receptor), such as α-adrenergic agonists, β-adrenergic agonists, and dopaminergic agonists; or indirect-acting (interaction not between drug and receptor), such as MAOIs, COMT inhibitors, release stimulants, and reuptake inhibitors that increase the levels of endogenous catecholamines.
When this constriction occurs, the airways get narrow and it causes symptoms like wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing. The muscles in the airways tighten, and cells in the airway start to produce more mucus than usual, which narrows the airways even more. The symptoms often start in childhood, but it can start at any ...
Cushing reflex (also referred to as the vasopressor response, the Cushing effect, the Cushing reaction, the Cushing phenomenon, the Cushing response, or Cushing's Law) is a physiological nervous system response to increased intracranial pressure (ICP) that results in Cushing's triad of increased blood pressure, irregular breathing, and bradycardia. [1]
This is typically secondary to stroke, injury, or cardiac arrest due to heart attack. Most ischemic neurons that die do so due to the activation of chemicals produced during and after ischemia. [2] The ischemic cascade usually goes on for two to three hours but can last for days, even after normal blood flow returns. [3]
Isoprenaline (non-selective) Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors , like atomoxetine , methylphenidate , and cocaine , as well as norepinephrine releasing agents , like amphetamine , ephedrine , pseudoephedrine , and phenylpropanolamine , indirectly activate β 1 -adrenergic receptors (as well as other adrenergic receptors) by increasing ...
A silent stroke (or asymptomatic cerebral infarction) is a stroke that does not have any outward symptoms associated with stroke, and the patient is typically unaware they have suffered a stroke. Despite not causing identifiable symptoms, a silent stroke still causes damage to the brain and places the patient at increased risk for both ...