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Despite thorium's position in the f-block of the periodic table, it has an anomalous [Rn]6d 2 7s 2 electron configuration in the ground state, as the 5f and 6d subshells in the early actinides are very close in energy, even more so than the 4f and 5d subshells of the lanthanides.
Despite thorium's position in the f-block of the periodic table, it has an anomalous [Rn]6d 2 7s 2 electron configuration in the ground state, as the 5f and 6d subshells in the early actinides are very close in energy, even more so than the 4f and 5d subshells of the lanthanides: thorium's 6d subshells are lower in energy than its 5f subshells ...
For example, thallium (Z = 81) has the ground-state configuration 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 2 4d 10 5p 6 6s 2 4f 14 5d 10 6p 1 [4] or in condensed form, [Xe] 6s 2 4f 14 5d 10 6p 1. Other authors write the subshells outside of the noble gas core in order of increasing n , or if equal, increasing n + l , such as Tl ( Z = 81) [Xe ...
For each atom the subshells are given first in concise form, then with all subshells written out, followed by the number of electrons per shell. For phosphorus (element 15) as an example, the concise form is [Ne] 3s 2 3p 3 .
Monazite contains 2.5% thorium, allanite has 0.1 to 2% thorium and zircon can have up to 0.4% thorium. [2] Thorium-containing minerals occur on all continents. [3] [4] [5] Thorium is several times more abundant in Earth's crust than all isotopes of uranium combined and thorium-232 is several hundred times more abundant than uranium-235. [6]
Thorium has been suggested for use in thorium-based nuclear power. In many countries the use of thorium in consumer products is banned or discouraged because it is radioactive. It is currently used in cathodes of vacuum tubes, for a combination of physical stability at high temperature and a low work energy required to remove an electron from ...
Thorium resources have not been estimated and assessed with a higher level of confidence, as in the case of uranium. Approximately 6 million tonnes of thorium have been estimated globally based on currently limited exploration and mainly on historical data. [4] [5] Thorium resources are found widely in over 35 countries all over the world.
Each thorium atom is connected twice to each of four bidentate nitrate groups, and to three water molecules via their oxygen atoms. In total the thorium is eleven-coordinated. There are also two other water molecules in the crystal structure. The water is hydrogen bonded to other water, or to nitrate groups. [7] The density is 2.80 g/cm 3. [4]