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Polarizability is responsible for a material's dielectric constant and, at high (optical) frequencies, its refractive index. The polarizability of an atom or molecule is defined as the ratio of its induced dipole moment to the local electric field; in a crystalline solid, one considers the dipole moment per unit cell. [1]
Different states of polarization correspond to different relationships between polarization and the direction of propagation. In linear polarization , the fields oscillate in a single direction. In circular or elliptical polarization , the fields rotate at a constant rate in a plane as the wave travels, either in the right-hand or in the left ...
When the two polarization states are relative to the direction of a surface (usually found with Fresnel reflection), they are usually termed s and p. This distinction between Cartesian and s–p polarization can be negligible in many cases, but it becomes significant for achieving high contrast and with wide angular spreads of the incident light.
Electric polarization of a given dielectric material sample is defined as the quotient of electric dipole moment (a vector quantity, expressed as coulombs*meters (C*m) in SI units) to volume (meters cubed). [1] [2] Polarization density is denoted mathematically by P; [2] in SI units, it is expressed in coulombs per square meter (C/m 2).
Polarizability, an electrical property of atoms or molecules and a separate magnetic property of subatomic particles Polarization function, a feature of some molecular modelling methods; Photon polarization, the mathematical link between wave polarization and spin polarization
Note that the polarization density P(t) and electrical field E(t) are considered as scalar for simplicity. In general, χ ( n ) is an ( n + 1)-th-rank tensor representing both the polarization -dependent nature of the parametric interaction and the symmetries (or lack) of the nonlinear material.
Linear polarization was standard into the 1980s and beyond. In the 2000s, computer animation, digital projection, and the use of sophisticated IMAX 70 mm film projectors, have created an opportunity for a new wave of polarized 3D films. [15] In the 2000s, RealD Cinema and MasterImage 3D were introduced, both using circular polarization.
Circular polarizer/linear analyzer [1] filtering unpolarized light and then circularly polarizing the result. A polarizing filter or polarising filter (see spelling differences) is a filter that is often placed in front of a camera lens in photography in order to darken skies, manage reflections, or suppress glare from the surface of lakes or the sea.