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Allotropy or allotropism (from Ancient Greek ἄλλος (allos) 'other' and τρόπος (tropos) 'manner, form') is the property of some chemical elements to exist in two or more different forms, in the same physical state, known as allotropes of the elements.
Atomic oxygen, denoted O or O 1, is very reactive, as the individual atoms of oxygen tend to quickly bond with nearby molecules.Its lowest-energy electronic state is a spin triplet, designated by the term symbol 3 P.
In 2006, the diatomic molecule was generated in homogeneous solution under normal conditions with the use of transition metal complexes (for example, tungsten and niobium). [ 41 ] Diphosphorus is the gaseous form of phosphorus , and the thermodynamically stable form between 1200 °C and 2000 °C.
Diamond is an excellent thermal conductor, but some forms of graphite are used for thermal insulation (for example heat shields and firebreaks). At standard temperature and pressure, graphite is the thermodynamically stable form. Thus diamonds do not exist forever.
These allotropes have been synthesised by various methods for example, treating titanocene pentasulfide and a dichlorosulfane of suitable sulfur chain length, S n−5 Cl 2: [17] (η 5-C 5 H 5) 2 TiS 5 + S n−5 Cl 2 → cyclo-S n + (η 5-C 5 H 5) 2 TiCl 2. or alternatively treating a dichlorosulfane, S n−m Cl 2 and a polysulfane, H 2 S m: [17 ...
Elements including metals may exhibit polymorphism. Allotropy is the term used when describing elements having different forms and is used commonly in the field of metallurgy. Some (but not all) allotropes are also polymorphs. For example, iron has three allotropes that are also polymorphs. Alpha-iron, which exists at room temperature, has a ...
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Below 912 °C (1,674 °F), iron has a body-centered cubic (bcc) crystal structure and is known as α-iron or ferrite.It is thermodynamically stable and a fairly soft metal. α-Fe can be subjected to pressures up to ca. 15 GPa before transforming into a high-pressure form termed ε-Fe discussed below.