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Phosphoric acid (orthophosphoric acid, monophosphoric acid or phosphoric(V) acid) is a colorless, odorless phosphorus-containing solid, and inorganic compound with the chemical formula H 3 P O 4. It is commonly encountered as an 85% aqueous solution , which is a colourless, odourless, and non- volatile syrupy liquid.
Phosphogypsum is a by-product from the production of phosphoric acid by treating phosphate ore with sulfuric acid according to the following reaction: . Ca 5 (PO 4) 3 X + 5 H 2 SO 4 + 10 H 2 O → 3 H 3 PO 4 + 5 (CaSO 4 · 2 H 2 O) + HX
At pH 1 or lower, the phosphoric acid is practically undissociated. Around pH 4.7 (mid-way between the first two pK a values) the dihydrogen phosphate ion, [H 2 PO 4] −, is practically the only species present. Around pH 9.8 (mid-way between the second and third pK a values) the monohydrogen phosphate ion, [HPO 4] 2−, is the only species ...
For each ton of phosphoric acid produced by the processing of phosphate rock, five tons of waste are generated. This waste takes the form of impure, useless, radioactive solid called phosphogypsum. Somewhere between 100,000,000 and 280,000,000 tons of phosphogypsum waste is estimated to be produced annually worldwide. [17]
Since the ends are condensed, its formula has one less H 2 O (water) than tripolyphosphoric acid. The general formula of a phosphoric acid is H n−2x+2 P n O 3n−x+1, where n is the number of phosphorus atoms and x is the number of fundamental cycles in the molecule's structure; that is, the minimum number of bonds that would have to be ...
Soft drinks containing phosphoric acid, including Coca-Cola, are sometimes called phosphate sodas or phosphates. Phosphoric acid in soft drinks has the potential to cause dental erosion. [105] Phosphoric acid also has the potential to contribute to the formation of kidney stones, especially in those who have had kidney stones previously. [106]
Example of phosphoric acid production. Wet-process phosphoric acid is prepared by adding sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4) to apatite or tricalcium phosphate rock resulting in the following reaction: 3 H 2 SO 4 + Ca 3 (PO 4) 2 + 6 H 2 O ↔ 2 H 3 PO 4 + 3 CaSO 4 •2H 2 O Wet-process acid has to be purified by removing fluorine and other undesirable ...
Scarification is often done mechanically, thermally, and chemically. The seeds of many plant species are often impervious to water and gases, thus preventing or delaying germination. Any process designed to make the testa (seed coat) more permeable to water and gases is known as scarification.