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Advanced Placement (AP) Human Geography (also known as AP Human Geo, AP Geography, APHG, AP HuGe, APHug, AP Human, HuGS, AP HuGo, or HGAP) is an Advanced Placement social studies course in human geography for high school, usually freshmen students in the US, culminating in an exam administered by the College Board. [1]
If the Jets win by 3, the advantage player collects on both bets. If the Jets win by either 2 or 4, the advantage player collects on one winning bet and the other "push." And if the Jets win or lose by any other total, the two bets cancel out, leaving the advantage player to pay only the vigorish on the bets.
Poker calculators are algorithms which through probabilistic or statistical means derive a player's chance of winning, losing, or tying a poker hand. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Given the complexities of poker and the constantly changing rules, most poker calculators are statistical machines, probabilities and card counting is rarely used.
An upper bound on the probability of winning can be found by considering a modified version of the game called "Thoughtful Solitaire" or "Thoughtful Klondike", in which location of all 52 cards is known. [15] The probability of winning Thoughtful Klondike (with draw three rules) has been estimated at 81.942% ± 0.081%.
The name Log5 is due to Bill James [1] but the method of using odds ratios in this way dates back much farther. This is in effect a logistic rating model and is therefore equivalent to the Bradley–Terry model used for paired comparisons , the Elo rating system used in chess and the Rasch model used in the analysis of categorical data.
Parimutuel betting, or pool betting, is a betting system in which all bets of a particular type are placed together in a pool; taxes and the house-take, or vigorish, are deducted, and payoff odds are calculated by sharing the pool among all winning bets.
This glossary of geography terms is a list of definitions of terms and concepts used in geography and related fields, including Earth science, oceanography, cartography, and human geography, as well as those describing spatial dimension, topographical features, natural resources, and the collection, analysis, and visualization of geographic ...
In 1964 Sherman Kent, one of the first contributors to a formal discipline of intelligence analysis addressed the problem of misleading expressions of odds in National Intelligence Estimates (NIE). In Words of Estimative Probability, Kent distinguished between "poets" (those preferring wordy probabilistic statements) from "mathematicians ...