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A ray flower is a two- or three-lobed, strap-shaped, individual flower, found in the head of most members of the Asteraceae. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] The corolla of the ray flower may have two tiny, vestigial teeth, opposite to the three-lobed strap, or tongue, indicating its evolution by fusion from an ancestral, five-part corolla.
This is true for all members of the Asteraceae family. [23] After pollination, they mature in 3–4 weeks [ 15 ] and become gray or tan with an oblong-obovoid shape, 1.3–2.2 mm (0.051–0.087 in) in length with 3–5 nerves , and with a few stiff, slender bristles on their surfaces ( strigillose ).
The composite family Asteraceae contains three C 4 lineages, in two different tribes of subfamily Asteroideae. [1] [20] They include the model genus Flaveria with closely related C 3, C 4, and intermediate species. [1] Flaveria – 7 C 4 species, 2–3 origins (also includes C 3 and intermediate) [1] [21] [22] Coreopsideae – 41 C 4 species [20]
Twelve species of Asteraceae As of August 2024 [update] , Plants of the World Online listed 1,706 accepted genera in the family Asteraceae . Those genera are listed with their author citations .
Asterales (/ ˌ æ s t ə ˈ r eɪ l iː z / ASS-tər-RAY-leez) [2] is an order of dicotyledonous flowering plants that includes the large family Asteraceae (or Compositae) known for composite flowers made of florets, and ten families related to the Asteraceae. [3]
The tribe is characterized by shiny green bracts at the base of the flower head in two rows: an inner row of tightly spaced bracts and an outer row of a smaller number pointing downward. [5] It includes five genera that use C 4 carbon fixation : Chrysanthellum , Eryngiophyllum , Glossocardia (including Guerreroia ), Isostigma , and Neuractis .
The Cichorioideae are a subfamily of the family Asteraceae of flowering plants. Familiar members of Cichorioideae include lettuce, dandelions, chicory and Gazania species. The subfamily comprises about 240 genera and about 2900 species. It is heterogeneous and hard to characterize except with molecular characters.
The Cichorieae (also called Lactuceae) are a tribe in the plant family Asteraceae that includes 93 genera, more than 1,600 sexually reproductive species and more than 7,000 apomictic species. They are found primarily in temperate regions of the Eastern Hemisphere. [ 2 ]