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Topological ecology at the landscape level of biological organisation (e.g. Urban et al. [26]): On the basis of ecological hierarchy theory, it is presupposed that nature is working at multiple scales and has different levels of organisation which are part of a rate-structured, nested hierarchy. Specifically, it is claimed that, above the ...
Biogeography is the study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time.Organisms and biological communities often vary in a regular fashion along geographic gradients of latitude, elevation, isolation and habitat area. [1]
Invasion of long-established ecosystems by organisms is a natural phenomenon, but human-facilitated introductions have greatly increased the rate, scale, and geographic range of invasion. For millennia, humans have served as both accidental and deliberate dispersal agents, beginning with their earliest migrations , accelerating in the Age of ...
Opinions differ on who was the founder of modern ecological theory. Some mark Haeckel's definition as the beginning; [242] others say it was Eugenius Warming with the writing of Oecology of Plants: An Introduction to the Study of Plant Communities (1895), [243] or Carl Linnaeus' principles on the economy of nature that matured in the early 18th ...
This perspective of niche allows for the existence of both ecological equivalents and empty niches. An ecological equivalent to an organism is an organism from a different taxonomic group exhibiting similar adaptations in a similar habitat, an example being the different succulents found in American and African deserts, cactus and euphorbia ...
Eugenius Warming's work with ecological plant geography led to the founding of ecology as a discipline. [6] Charles Darwin's work also contributed to the science of ecology, and Darwin is often attributed with progressing the discipline more than anyone else in its young history. Ecological thought expanded even more in the early 20th century. [7]
Rice terraces located in Mù Cang Chải district, Yên Bái province, Vietnam Integrated geography (also referred to as integrative geography, [1] environmental geography or human–environment geography) is where the branches of human geography and physical geography overlap to describe and explain the spatial aspects of interactions between human individuals or societies and their natural ...
In this approach, also called systems theory, ecosystems are seen as self-regulating, and as returning to a state of equilibrium. This theory views human populations as static and as acting in harmony with the environment. [16] The revisions of anthropologist Eric Wolf and others are especially pertinent to the development of historical ecology ...