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The gastric folds consist of two layers: Mucosal layer – This layer releases stomach acid.It is the innermost layer of the stomach. [5] It is affected by the hormone histamine, which signals it to release hydrochloric acid (HCl).
Upper and lower human gastrointestinal tract. The esophagus (American English), oesophagus (British English), or œsophagus (archaic spelling) (see spelling difference) all / iː ˈ s ɒ f ə ɡ ə s, ɪ-/ ⓘ; [1] pl.: ((o)e)(œ)sophagi or ((o)e)(œ)sophaguses), colloquially known also as the food pipe, food tube, or gullet, is an organ in vertebrates through which food passes, aided by ...
In mammals, invertebrates and most fish, [1] [2] the anus (pl.: anuses or ani; from Latin, 'ring' or 'circle') is the external body orifice at the exit end of the digestive tract (), i.e. the opposite end from the mouth.
In humans, the anus (pl.: anuses or ani; from Latin ānus, "ring", "circle") [1] [2] is the external opening of the rectum located inside the intergluteal cleft.Two sphincters control the exit of feces from the body during an act of defecation, which is the primary function of the anus.
Gastric glands are glands in the lining of the stomach that play an essential role in the process of digestion.Their secretions make up the digestive gastric juice.The gastric glands open into gastric pits in the mucosa.
Enterochromaffin-like cells or ECL cells are a type of neuroendocrine cell found in the gastric glands of the gastric mucosa beneath the epithelium, in particular in the vicinity of parietal cells, that aid in the production of gastric acid via the release of histamine.
The urea cycle (also known as the ornithine cycle) is a cycle of biochemical reactions that produces urea (NH 2) 2 CO from ammonia (NH 3).Animals that use this cycle, mainly amphibians and mammals, are called ureotelic.
Autophagy was first observed by Keith R. Porter and his student Thomas Ashford at the Rockefeller Institute.In January 1962 they reported an increased number of lysosomes in rat liver cells after the addition of glucagon, and that some displaced lysosomes towards the centre of the cell contained other cell organelles such as mitochondria.