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In comparison to the short term, relatively intensive exposures described above, for long-term environmental exposure of the general public there is a limit of 0.08 W/kg averaged over the whole body. [2] A whole-body average SAR of 0.4 W/kg has been chosen as the restriction that provides adequate protection for occupational exposure.
The antennas contained in mobile phones, including smartphones, emit radiofrequency (RF) radiation (non-ionizing "radio waves" such as microwaves); the parts of the head or body nearest to the antenna can absorb this energy and convert it to heat or to synchronised molecular vibrations (the term 'heat', properly applies only to disordered molecular motion).
The FCC limits for maximum permissible workplace exposure to shortwave radio frequency energy in the range of 3–30 MHz has a plane-wave equivalent power density of (900/ f 2) mW/cm 2 where f is the frequency in MHz, and 100 mW/cm 2 from 0.3 to 3.0 MHz.
Usually, the alarm of most RF personal monitors is triggered by instant values, however, standard limits are specified as time-averaged values. Some RF monitors have the possibility to trigger alarms based on average values, which is a better indication of the real exposure situation (as an example, an instant value can be at 200% while the ...
An RF electromagnetic wave has both an electric and a magnetic component (electric field and magnetic field), and it is often convenient to express the intensity of the RF environment at a given location in terms of units specific to each component. For example, the unit "volts per meter" (V/m) is used to express the strength of the electric ...
A radio band is a small frequency band (a contiguous section of the range of the radio spectrum) in which channels are usually used or set aside for the same purpose. To prevent interference and allow for efficient use of the radio spectrum, similar services are allocated in bands.
The public exposure limit is 1 mSv in a year. [11] Emergency exposure – limits given for occupational and public exposure; Existing exposure – reference levels for all persons exposed; The public information dose chart of the USA Department of Energy, shown here on the right, applies to USA regulation, which is based on ICRP recommendations.
Complications from radiation exposure include malformation of internal organs, reduction of IQ, and cancer formation. [8] The SI unit of exposure is the coulomb per kilogram (C/kg), which has largely replaced the roentgen (R). [9] One roentgen equals 0.000 258 C/kg; an exposure of one coulomb per kilogram is equivalent to 3876 roentgens. [9]