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The type and length are fixed in size (typically 1–4 bytes), and the value field is of variable size. These fields are used as follows: Type A binary code, often simply alphanumeric, which indicates the kind of field that this part of the message represents; Length The size of the value field (typically in bytes); Value
Originally based on the (modern) English alphabet, ASCII encodes 128 specified characters into seven-bit integers as shown by the ASCII chart in this article. [12] Ninety-five of the encoded characters are printable: these include the digits 0 to 9 , lowercase letters a to z , uppercase letters A to Z , and punctuation symbols .
A code point is a value or position of a character in a coded character set. [10] A code space is the range of numerical values spanned by a coded character set. [10] [12] A code unit is the minimum bit combination that can represent a character in a character encoding (in computer science terms, it is the word size of the character encoding).
For example, an ASCII (or extended ASCII) scheme will use a single byte of computer memory, while a UTF-8 scheme will use one or more bytes, depending on the particular character being encoded. Alternative ways to encode character values include specifying an integer value for a code point, such as an ASCII code value or a Unicode code point.
In 1973, ECMA-35 and ISO 2022 [18] attempted to define a method so an 8-bit "extended ASCII" code could be converted to a corresponding 7-bit code, and vice versa. [19] In a 7-bit environment, the Shift Out would change the meaning of the 96 bytes 0x20 through 0x7F [a] [21] (i.e. all but the C0 control codes), to be the characters that an 8-bit environment would print if it used the same code ...
Length-prefixed "short" Strings (up to 64 bytes), marker-terminated "long" Strings and (optional) back-references Arbitrary-length heterogenous arrays with end-marker Arbitrary-length key/value pairs with end-marker Structured Data eXchange Formats (SDXF) Big-endian signed 24-bit or 32-bit integer Big-endian IEEE double
HTML and XML provide ways to reference Unicode characters when the characters themselves either cannot or should not be used. A numeric character reference refers to a character by its Universal Character Set/Unicode code point, and a character entity reference refers to a character by a predefined name.
string.length() C++ (STL) string.length: Cobra, D, JavaScript: string.length() Number of UTF-16 code units: Java (string-length string) Scheme (length string) Common Lisp, ISLISP (count string) Clojure: String.length string: OCaml: size string: Standard ML: length string: Number of Unicode code points Haskell: string.length: Number of UTF-16 ...