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A modern recovery boiler consists of heat transfer surfaces made of steel tube; furnace-1, superheaters-2, boiler generating bank-3 and economizers-4. The steam drum-5 design is of single-drum type. The air and black liquor are introduced through primary and secondary air ports-6, liquor guns-7 and tertiary air ports-8.
The wet sulfuric acid process (WSA process) is a gas desulfurization process. After Danish company Haldor Topsoe introduced this technology in 1987, it has been recognized as a process for recovering sulfur from various process gases in the form of commercial quality sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4) with the simultaneous production of high-pressure steam.
A schematic process flow diagram of a basic 2+1-reactor (converter) SuperClaus unit is shown below: Schematic flow diagram of a straight-through, 3 reactor (converter), Claus sulfur recovery unit. The Claus technology can be divided into two process steps, thermal and catalytic.
Carbon flow schematic for different energy systems. The main appeal of BECCS is in its ability to result in negative emissions of CO 2. The capture of carbon dioxide from bioenergy sources effectively removes CO 2 from the atmosphere. [9] [10] Bioenergy is derived from biomass which is a renewable energy source and serves as a carbon sink ...
The Alpena biorefinery plant in the USA. A biorefinery is a refinery that converts biomass to energy and other beneficial byproducts (such as chemicals). The International Energy Agency Bioenergy Task 42 defined biorefining as "the sustainable processing of biomass into a spectrum of bio-based products (food, feed, chemicals, materials) and bioenergy (biofuels, power and/or heat)". [1]
The Birkeland–Eyde process was one of the competing industrial processes in the beginning of nitrogen-based fertilizer production. It is a multi-step nitrogen fixation reaction that uses electrical arcs to react atmospheric nitrogen (N 2 ) with oxygen (O 2 ), ultimately producing nitric acid (HNO 3 ) with water. [ 1 ]
The commercially most relevant field of application for HCl regeneration processes is the recovery of HCl from waste pickle liquors from carbon-steel pickling lines. Other applications include the production of metal oxides such as, but not limited, to Al 2 O 3 and MgO, as well as rare-earth oxides, by pyrohydrolysis of aqueous metal chloride or rare-earth chloride solutions.
The filtrate is composed mainly of phosphoric acid with some nitric acid and traces of calcium nitrate, and this is neutralized with ammonia to produce a compound fertilizer. Ca ( NO 3 ) 2 + 4 H 3 PO 4 + 8 NH 3 CaHPO 4 + 2 NH 4 NO 3 + 3 ( NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 {\displaystyle {\ce {Ca(NO3)2 + 4 H3PO4 + 8 NH3 -> CaHPO4 + 2 NH4NO3 + 3(NH4)2HPO4}}}