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The Middle East was essential to the British Empire, so Germany and Italy worked to undermine British influence there. Hitler allied with the Muslim leader Amin al-Husseini—in exile since he participated in the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine—as part of promoting Arab nationalism to destabilize regional British control.
The Middle East is an artificial construct created by British and French diplomats after World War I, and the recent collapse of Syria has led to calls for the region to be divided according to ...
Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-11376-8. Donkin, Robin A. (2003). Between East and West: The Moluccas and the Traffic in Spices Up to the Arrival of Europeans. Diane Publishing Company. ISBN 0-87169-248-1. Burns, Thomas Samuel (2003). Rome and the Barbarians, 100 B.C.–A.D. 400. Johns Hopkins University ...
Money, land and trade: an economic history of the Muslim Mediterranean. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-86064-699-7. Zvi Yehuda Hershlag (1980). Introduction to the modern economic history of the Middle East. Brill Archive. ISBN 978-90-04-06061-6. Timur Kuran (2011). The Long Divergence: How Islamic Law Held Back the Middle East. Princeton University Press.
The Via Maris (purple), King's Highway (red), and other ancient Levantine trade routes, c. 1300 BCE. The King's Highway was a trade route of vital importance in the ancient Near East, connecting Africa with Mesopotamia. It ran from Egypt across the Sinai Peninsula to Aqaba, then turned northward across Transjordan, to Damascus and the Euphrates ...
Trade played an important role in the spread of Islam in some parts of the world, such as Indonesia. [6] [7] During the early centuries of Islamic rule, conversions in the Middle East were mainly individual or small-scale. While mass conversions were favored for spreading Islam beyond Muslim lands, policies within Muslim territories typically ...
Map showing the major Varangian trade routes: the Volga trade route (in red) and the Trade Route from the Varangians to the Greeks (in purple). Other trade routes of the eighth-eleventh centuries shown in orange. From Aldeigjuborg, the Rus could travel up the Volkhov River to Novgorod, then to Lake Ilmen and further along the Lovat River.
Map of the Middle East between North Africa, Southern Europe, Central Asia, and Southern Asia Middle East map of Köppen climate classification. The Middle East (term originally coined in English language) [note 1] is a geopolitical region encompassing the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant, Turkey, Egypt, Iran, and Iraq.