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Under the U.S. tax code, businesses expenditures can be deducted from the total taxable income when filing income taxes if a taxpayer can show the funds were used for business-related activities, [1] not personal [2] or capital expenses (i.e., long-term, tangible assets, such as property). [3]
Capital expenditures are the funds used to acquire or upgrade a company's fixed assets, such as expenditures towards property, plant, or equipment (PP&E). [3] In the case when a capital expenditure constitutes a major financial decision for a company, the expenditure must be formalized at an annual shareholders meeting or a special meeting of the Board of Directors.
An operating expense (opex) [a] is an ongoing cost for running a product, business, or system. [1] Its counterpart, a capital expenditure (capex), is the cost of developing or providing non-consumable parts for the product or system.
Therefore, this input to the calculation of free cash flow may be subject to manipulation, or require estimation. Since it may be a large number, maintenance capex's uncertainty is the basis for some people's dismissal of 'free cash flow'. A second problem with the maintenance capex measurement is its intrinsic 'lumpiness'.
ROIC = NOPAT / Average Invested Capital There are three main components of this measurement: [2] While ratios such as return on equity and return on assets use net income as the numerator, ROIC uses net operating income after tax (NOPAT), which means that after-tax expenses (income) from financing activities are added back to (deducted from) net income.
Flowchart for a typical DCF valuation, with each step detailed in the text (click on image to see at full size) Spreadsheet valuation, using free cash flows to estimate the stock's fair value, and displaying sensitivity to WACC and perpetuity growth (click on image to see at full size)
Capital intensity is the amount of fixed or real capital present in relation to other factors of production, especially labor.At the level of either a production process or the aggregate economy, it may be estimated by the capital to labor ratio, such as from the points along a capital/labor isoquant.
The selection of the proper index to use depends on the industry in which it is applied. For example, while CE, M&S or IC Index are typically employed for chemical process industries, the ENR (Engineering News-Record) construction index is used for general industrial construction and takes in account the prices for fixed amounts of structural steel, cement, lumber and labor.