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The following is a table of many of the most fundamental Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) words and roots, with their cognates in all of the major families of descendants. Notes [ edit ]
Indo-European family tree in order of first attestation Indo-European language family tree based on "Ancestry-constrained phylogenetic analysis of Indo-European languages" by Chang et al. [38] Membership of languages in the Indo-European language family is determined by genealogical relationships, meaning that all members are presumed ...
Pages in category "Indo-European words and phrases" This category contains only the following page. This list may not reflect recent changes. ...
Proto-Indo-European verbs reflect a complex system of morphology, more complicated than the substantive, with verbs categorized according to their aspect [a], using multiple grammatical moods and voices, and being conjugated according to person, number and tense. In addition to finite forms thus formed, non-finite forms such as participles are ...
Typically, a root plus a suffix forms a stem, and adding an ending forms a word. [1]+ ⏟ + ⏟ For example, *bʰéreti 'he bears' can be split into the root *bʰer-'to bear', the suffix *-e-which governs the imperfective aspect, and the ending *-ti, which governs the present tense, third-person singular.
The 449 Indo-European languages identified in the SIL estimate, 2018 edition, [1] are mostly living languages. If all the known extinct Indo-European languages are added, they number more than 800 or close to one thousand. This list includes all known Indo-European languages, living and extinct.
The most used list nowadays is the Swadesh 207-word list, adapted from Swadesh 1952. [3] In Wiktionary ("Swadesh lists by language"), Panlex [12] [13] and in Palisto's "Swadesh Word List of Indo-European languages", [14] hundreds of Swadesh lists in this form can be found.
The following table shows the Proto-Indo-European consonants and their reflexes in selected Indo-European daughter languages. Background and further details can be found in various related articles, including Proto-Indo-European phonology, Centum and satem languages, the articles on the various sound laws referred to in the introduction, and the articles on the various IE proto-languages ...