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Note that Hindi–Urdu transliteration schemes can be used for Punjabi as well, for Gurmukhi (Eastern Punjabi) to Shahmukhi (Western Punjabi) conversion, since Shahmukhi is a superset of the Urdu alphabet (with 2 extra consonants) and the Gurmukhi script can be easily converted to the Devanagari script.
This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Hindi and Urdu on Wikipedia. It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Hindi and Urdu in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them.
Speakers of non-rhotic accents, as in much of Australia, England, New Zealand, and Wales, will pronounce the second syllable [fəd], those with the father–bother merger, as in much of the US and Canada, will pronounce the first syllable [ˈɑːks], and those with the cot–caught merger but without the father–bother merger, as in Scotland ...
The nuqta, and the phonological distinction it represents, is sometimes ignored in practice; e.g., क़िला qilā being simply spelled as किला kilā.In the text Dialect Accent Features for Establishing Speaker Identity, Manisha Kulshreshtha and Ramkumar Mathur write, "A few sounds, borrowed from the other languages like Persian and Arabic, are written with a dot (bindu or nuqtā).
The Unifon converter is based on the CMU Pronouncing Dictionary. The Natural Language Toolkit contains an interface to the CMU Pronouncing Dictionary. The Carnegie Mellon Logios [5] tool incorporates the CMU Pronouncing Dictionary. PronunDict, a pronunciation dictionary of American English, uses the CMU Pronouncing Dictionary as its data source.
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Punjabi, specifically Standard Punjabi, pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA charact
Pronunciation is the way in which a word or a language is spoken. This may refer to generally agreed-upon sequences of sounds used in speaking a given word or language in a specific dialect ("correct" or "standard" pronunciation) or simply the way a particular individual speaks a word or language.
Design of a cloth antimacassar Armchair with antimacassar-Sheffield Mayors Parlour Antimacassars on rail carriage seats. An antimacassar / ˌ æ n t ɪ m ə ˈ k æ s ər / is a small cloth placed over the backs or arms of chairs, or the head or cushions of a sofa, to prevent soiling of the permanent fabric underneath. [1]