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The concept of street-level bureaucracy was popularized by Michael Lipsky in 1980. He argued that "policy implementation in the end comes down to the people who actually implement it". [2] He argued that state employees such as police and social workers should be seen as part of the "policy-making community" and as exercisers of political power.
The concept of street-level bureaucracy was first coined by Michael Lipsky in 1969, [2] who argued that "policy implementation in the end comes down to the people [(the street-level bureaucrats)] who actually implement it". However, the process of street-level bureaucracy has been around for a much longer period.
The Los Angeles Times noted that Lipsky's collection provided "astonishing insights into the machinations of the New York city art world." [1] The Wall Street Journal called Lipsky's portrait of the art world "treacherous, sly and amusing." [2] Lipsky wrote the collection when he was 22 [3] and a student in the MFA program at Johns Hopkins ...
When a bureaucracy is permeable anyone can access it, including legislators who were originally adverse to the legislation being implemented. [8] Further, scholars argue that if a bureaucratic agency is designed to represent a single interest, its implementations are more likely to reflect the views of the people they are representing than they ...
Realpolitik (/ r eɪ ˈ ɑː l p ɒ l ɪ ˌ t iː k / ray-AHL-po-lih-teek German: [ʁeˈaːlpoliˌtiːk] ⓘ; from German real 'realistic, practical, actual' and Politik 'politics') is the approach of conducting diplomatic or political policies based primarily on considerations of given circumstances and factors, rather than strictly following ideological, moral, or ethical premises.
He was perhaps best known for his volume The Case for Bureaucracy, now in its 4th edition. [ 1 ] Goodsell was a co-author of the Blacksburg Manifesto , [ 2 ] written with Gary Wamsley , Robert Bacher , Philip Kronenberg, John Rohr , Camilla Stivers, Orion White, and James Wolf – all of whom were at Virginia Tech during the 1980s.
The Utopia of Rules: On Technology, Stupidity, and the Secret Joys of Bureaucracy is a 2015 book by anthropologist David Graeber about how people "relate to" and are influenced by bureaucracies. [3] Graeber previously wrote Debt: The First 5000 Years and The Democracy Project , and was an organizer behind Occupy Wall Street .
It is different from bureaucracy; like Toffler, Mintzberg considers bureaucracy a thing of the past, and adhocracy one of the future. [7] When done well, adhocracy can be very good at problem solving and innovation [7] and thrive in diverse environments. [6] It requires sophisticated and often automated technical systems to develop and thrive. [7]