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APA style (also known as APA format) is a writing style and format for academic documents such as scholarly journal articles and books. It is commonly used for citing sources within the field of behavioral and social sciences, including sociology, education, nursing, criminal justice, anthropology, and psychology.
The citation link will point to the first Harvard reference in the References section that matches both the author(s) and publication date (see examples below). Both the in-text citations and the references at the bottom of the page have format rules. For a full description of their format with examples, see Harvard referencing.
In cases where citations are lacking, the template {} can be added after the statement in question. The following table shows examples of these ways of citing sources, categorized as "the good, the bad and the ugly".
Simple facts such as this can have inline citations to reliable sources as an aid to the reader, but normally the text itself is best left as a plain statement without in-text attribution: Y By mass, oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe after hydrogen and helium.
Text formatting in citations should follow, consistently within an article, an established citation style or system. Options include either of Wikipedia's own template-based Citation Style 1 and Citation Style 2, and any other well-recognized citation system. Parameters in the citation templates should be accurate.
Citations which are referenced multiple times may be collapsed. The text is expanded in the document where a "<References />" tag or a {} template appears. This citation style is sometimes termed "Shortened notes", and more information about it can be seen here, here and here. wikitext
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In the author–date method (Harvard referencing), [4] the in-text citation is placed in parentheses after the sentence or part thereof that the citation supports. The citation includes the author's name, year of publication, and page number(s) when a specific part of the source is referred to (Smith 2008, p. 1) or (Smith 2008:1).