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2. Grid (spatial index) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_(spatial_index)

   A grid-based spatial index has the advantage that the structure of the index can be created first, and data added on an ongoing basis without requiring any change to the index structure; indeed, if a common grid is used by disparate data collecting and indexing activities, such indices can easily be merged from a variety of sources.

3. R-tree - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-tree

   R-trees are tree data structures used for spatial access methods, i.e., for indexing multi-dimensional information such as geographical coordinates, rectangles or polygons. The R-tree was proposed by Antonin Guttman in 1984 [2] and has found significant use in both theoretical and applied contexts. [3]

4. Spatial database - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_database

   A spatial index is used by a spatial database to optimize spatial queries.Database systems use indices to quickly look up values by sorting data values in a linear (e.g. alphabetical) order; however, this way of indexing data is not optimal for spatial queries in two- or three-dimensional space.

5. R*-tree - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R*-tree

   In data processing R*-trees are a variant of R-trees used for indexing spatial information. R*-trees have slightly higher construction cost than standard R-trees, as the data may need to be reinserted; but the resulting tree will usually have a better query performance. Like the standard R-tree, it can store both point and spatial data.

6. Geographic information system - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Information_System

   GIS data acquisition includes several methods for gathering spatial data into a GIS database, which can be grouped into three categories: primary data capture, the direct measurement phenomena in the field (e.g., remote sensing, the global positioning system); secondary data capture, the extraction of information from existing sources that are ...

7. Geodatabase (Esri) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodatabase_(Esri)

   The origin of the geodatabase was in the mid-1990s during the emergence of the first spatial databases.One early approach to integrating relational databases and GIS was the use of server middleware, a third-party program that stores the spatial data in database tables in a custom format, and translates it dynamically into a logical model that can be understood by the client software.