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Copper(I) iodide is white, but samples often appear tan or even, when found in nature as rare mineral marshite, reddish brown, but such color is due to the presence of impurities. It is common for samples of iodide-containing compounds to become discolored due to the facile aerobic oxidation of the iodide anion to molecular iodine. [4] [5] [6]
Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu (from Latin: cuprum) and the atomic number of 29. It is easily recognisable, due to its distinct red-orange color . Copper also has a range of different organic and inorganic salts , having varying oxidation states ranging from (0,I) to (III).
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Copper compounds, whether organic complexes or organometallics, ... Attempts to prepare copper(II) iodide yield only copper(I) iodide and iodine. [1]
Marshite (CuI) is a naturally occurring isometric halide mineral with occasional silver (Ag) substitution for copper (Cu). [6] [7] Solid solution between the silver end-member miersite and the copper end-member marshite has been found in these minerals from deposits in Broken Hill, Australia. [8]
The most common additive to the Stille reaction is stoichiometric or co-catalytic copper(I), specifically copper iodide, which can enhance rates up by >10 3 fold. It has been theorized that in polar solvents copper transmetalate with the organostannane. The resulting organocuprate reagent could then transmetalate with the palladium catalyst.
Phenylcopper was the first known organocopper compound and was first prepared in 1923 from phenylmagnesium iodide and copper(I) iodide and in 1936 by Henry Gilman by transmetallation of phenylmagnesium iodide with copper(I) chloride. Phenylcopper can be obtained by reacting phenyl lithium with copper(I) bromide in diethyl ether. [3]
High loadings of copper and ligand were required and activation of the notoriously difficult aryl-chloride was still not possible. These problems were solved in 2015 with the design of special oxalic diamine ligands, making the Ullmann reaction viable for industrial application.