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  2. Venn diagram - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venn_diagram

    A Venn diagram is a widely used diagram style that shows the logical relation between sets, popularized by John Venn (1834–1923) in the 1880s. The diagrams are used to teach elementary set theory, and to illustrate simple set relationships in probability, logic, statistics, linguistics and computer science.

  3. Least common multiple - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_common_multiple

    The same method can also be illustrated with a Venn diagram as follows, with the prime factorization of each of the two numbers demonstrated in each circle and all factors they share in common in the intersection. The lcm then can be found by multiplying all of the prime numbers in the diagram. Here is an example: 48 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3,

  4. Inclusion–exclusion principle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclusion–exclusion...

    Euler's totient or phi function, φ(n) is an arithmetic function that counts the number of positive integers less than or equal to n that are relatively prime to n. That is, if n is a positive integer , then φ( n ) is the number of integers k in the range 1 ≤ k ≤ n which have no common factor with n other than 1.

  5. Mathematics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics

    An example is the set of all integers. ... The Venn diagram is a commonly used method to ... For example, the natural numbers and arithmetic were introduced for the ...

  6. Naive set theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naive_set_theory

    Objects can be anything: numbers, people, other sets, etc. For instance, 4 is a member of the set of all even integers. Clearly, the set of even numbers is infinitely large; there is no requirement that a set be finite. Passage with the original set definition of Georg Cantor. The definition of sets goes back to Georg Cantor.

  7. Set theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_theory

    A cardinal invariant is a property of the real line measured by a cardinal number. For example, a well-studied invariant is the smallest cardinality of a collection of meagre sets of reals whose union is the entire real line. These are invariants in the sense that any two isomorphic models of set theory must give the same cardinal for each ...

  8. Set (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_(mathematics)

    A set of polygons in an Euler diagram This set equals the one depicted above since both have the very same elements.. In mathematics, a set is a collection of different [1] things; [2] [3] [4] these things are called elements or members of the set and are typically mathematical objects of any kind: numbers, symbols, points in space, lines, other geometrical shapes, variables, or even other ...

  9. List of types of numbers - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_types_of_numbers

    Such a number is algebraic and can be expressed as the sum of a rational number and the square root of a rational number. Constructible number: A number representing a length that can be constructed using a compass and straightedge. Constructible numbers form a subfield of the field of algebraic numbers, and include the quadratic surds.

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