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Medications: long-term use of certain medications can result in poor absorption of dietary vitamin B 12. [1] These include medications to treat heartburn, and metformin to treat diabetes. [131] [132] A genetic disorder, transcobalamin II deficiency, or Imerslund–Gräsbeck syndrome can be a cause. Nitrous oxide exposure, and recreational use ...
The Good Housekeeping Institute tested more than 30 brands of B12 supplements, and chose Nature made B12 1000mcg as the best overall option, and Garden of Life Vitamin Code Raw B12 as the best ...
False positive results can occur if the sample is contaminated with vaginal secretions; false negatives can occur in very concentrated samples or those containing high levels of glucose and protein. [54] Elevated white blood cell counts in urine generally indicate infection or inflammation. [55]
Neuropsychiatric symptoms can precede hematological signs and are often the presenting manifestation of the disease. [55] Vitamin B 12 serum levels are used to detect its deficiency, but do not distinguish its causes. Vitamin B 12 levels can be falsely high or low and data for sensitivity and specificity vary widely.
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Reference ranges for urine tests are described below: Measurement Lower limit Upper limit ... White blood cells (WBCs) 0 [2] 2 [2] pH: 5 [2] 7 [2] (unitless) Protein ...
[2] [7] Only some archaea and bacteria can synthesize vitamin B 12. [8] Vitamin B 12 deficiency is a widespread condition that is particularly prevalent in populations with low or no consumption of animal foods. [9] Such diets can be due to a variety of reasons, such as low socioeconomic status or personal choice (i.e., veganism, vegetarianism).
An anemia is a decrease in number of red blood cells (RBCs) or less than the normal quantity of hemoglobin in the blood. [2] [3] However, it can include decreased oxygen-binding ability of each hemoglobin molecule due to deformity or lack in numerical development as in some other types of hemoglobin deficiency.