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In the early years of the Soviet government, Trotsky and Vladimir Lenin were widely considered its two most prominent figures, and Trotsky was Lenin's de facto second-in-command from 1917 to 1923. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Ideologically a Marxist and a Leninist , Trotsky's ideas inspired a school of Marxism known as Trotskyism .
Although Zinoviev and Kamenev were disconcerted by Stalin's power and some of his policies, they needed Stalin's help in opposing Trotsky's faction and to prevent Trotsky's possible succession to Lenin in a power struggle. Lenin died on 21 January 1924. Stalin was given the honour of organizing his funeral.
Alexei Rykov succeeded Lenin as chairman of the Sovnarkom, and although he was de jure the most powerful person in the country, in fact, all power was concentrated in the hands of the "troika" – the union of three influential party figures: Grigory Zinoviev, Joseph Stalin, and Lev Kamenev. Stalin continued to increase his influence in the ...
Trotsky believed that the coming World War would produce a revolutionary wave of class and national struggles, rather as World War I had done. [1] Stalin reacted to the growing strength of Trotsky's supporters with a major political massacre of people within the Soviet Union, and the assassination of Trotsky's supporters and family abroad. [19]
Lenin and Trotsky were close ideologically and personally during the Russian Revolution and its aftermath. Trotskyists and some others call Trotsky its "co-leader". [note 1] [21] This was also alluded to by Rosa Luxemburg. [22] Lenin himself never mentioned the concept of "Trotskyism" after Trotsky became a member of the Bolshevik party. [23]
Fascist leaders Hitler and Mussolini in 1934. From the onset of the 1920s and 1930s, fascist movements had manifested across continental Europe but reached political maturation in Italy, Germany and Spain. [3] In exile, Trotsky had still adhered to the view that Germany would be the principal terrain for world revolution. [1]
Trotsky's theory took it for granted (as did Vladimir Lenin in The State and Revolution) that the domination of the world by the bourgeoisie was complete and irreversible after the emergence of imperialism in the late 19th century. The uncertain relationship between international and national parameters in relation to class power underlies many ...
In November 1917 Lenin and his wife took a two-room flat within the Smolny Institute, with Trotsky and his family living in the flat opposite; being based here allowed Lenin to devote himself to the revolutionary government. [14] The stress of this position exacerbated Lenin's health problems, in particular his headaches and insomnia. [15]