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2. Water softening - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_softening

   Water softening is the removal of calcium, magnesium, and certain other metal cations in hard water. The resulting soft water requires less soap for the same cleaning effort, as soap is not wasted bonding with calcium ions. Soft water also extends the lifetime of plumbing by reducing or eliminating scale build-up in pipes and fittings.

3. Reverse osmosis - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_osmosis

   Reverse osmosis (RO) is a water purification process that uses a semi-permeable membrane to separate water molecules from other substances. RO applies pressure to overcome osmotic pressure that favors even distributions. RO can remove dissolved or suspended chemical species as well as biological substances (principally bacteria), and is used in ...

4. Water purification - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_purification

   Water purification is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, biological contaminants, suspended solids, and gases from water. The goal is to produce water that is fit for specific purposes. Most water is purified and disinfected for human consumption (drinking water), but water purification may also be carried out for a variety of other ...

5. Distilled water - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distilled_water

   Distilled water. Distilled water is water that has been boiled into vapor and condensed back into liquid in a separate container. Impurities in the original water that do not boil below or near the boiling point of water remain in the original container. Thus, distilled water is a type of purified water.

6. Ion exchange - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_exchange

   Ion exchange. Ion exchange is a reversible interchange of one species of ion present in an insoluble solid with another of like charge present in a solution surrounding the solid. Ion exchange is used in softening or demineralizing of water, purification of chemicals, and separation of substances. Ion exchange usually describes a process of ...

7. Total dissolved solids - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_dissolved_solids

   Bottled mineral water usually contains higher TDS levels than tap water. Total dissolved solids (TDS) is a measure of the dissolved combined content of all inorganic and organic substances present in a liquid in molecular, ionized, or micro-granular (colloidal sol) suspended form. TDS are often measured in parts per million (ppm).