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BER: variable-length big-endian binary representation (up to 2 2 1024 bits); PER Unaligned: a fixed number of bits if the integer type has a finite range; a variable number of bits otherwise; PER Aligned: a fixed number of bits if the integer type has a finite range and the size of the range is less than 65536; a variable number of octets ...
Endianness is primarily expressed as big-endian (BE) or little-endian (LE), terms introduced by Danny Cohen into computer science for data ordering in an Internet Experiment Note published in 1980. [1] The adjective endian has its origin in the writings of 18th century Anglo-Irish writer Jonathan Swift.
00 00 49 49 58 50 52 (little-endian) 00 00 4D 4D 58 50 52 ␀␀IIXPR ␀␀MMXPR: 0 qxd Quark Express document 50 57 53 33: PWS3: 0 psafe3 Password Gorilla Password Database D4 C3 B2 A1 (little-endian) Ôò¡ 0 pcap Libpcap File Format [2] A1 B2 C3 D4 ¡²ÃÔ: 4D 3C B2 A1 (little-endian) M<²¡ 0 pcap
The BOM for little-endian UTF-32 is the same pattern as a little-endian UTF-16 BOM followed by a UTF-16 NUL character, an unusual example of the BOM being the same pattern in two different encodings. Programmers using the BOM to identify the encoding will have to decide whether UTF-32 or UTF-16 with a NUL first character is more likely.
If the BOM is missing, RFC 2781 recommends [e] that big-endian (BE) encoding be assumed. In practice, due to Windows using little-endian (LE) order by default, many applications assume little-endian encoding. It is also reliable to detect endianness by looking for null bytes, on the assumption that characters less than U+0100 are very common.
An architecture may use "big" or "little" endianness, or both, or be configurable to use either. Little-endian processors order bytes in memory with the least significant byte of a multi-byte value in the lowest-numbered memory location. Big-endian architectures instead arrange bytes with the most significant byte at the lowest-numbered address.
This may be achieved by using a byte-order mark at the start of the text or assuming big-endian (RFC 2781). UTF-8, UTF-16BE, UTF-32BE, UTF-16LE and UTF-32LE are standardised on a single byte order and do not have this problem. If the byte stream is subject to corruption then some encodings recover better than others. UTF-8 and UTF-EBCDIC are ...
An ordering problem that is easy to envision occurs when the data word is transferred byte-by-byte between a big-endian system and a little-endian system and the Fletcher-32 checksum is computed. If blocks are extracted from the data word in memory by a simple read of a 16-bit unsigned integer, then the values of the blocks will be different in ...