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A private key is cross-certified using two other transient-key servers. Through independently operating servers, cross-certification can provide third-party proof of the validity of a time interval chain and irrefutable evidence of consensus on the current time. Transient-key cryptographic systems display high Byzantine fault tolerance. A web ...
A pair (,) thus provides a unique coupling between and so that can be found when is used as a key and can be found when is used as a key. Mathematically, a bidirectional map can be defined a bijection: between two different sets of keys and of equal cardinality, thus constituting an injective and surjective function:
As such, hash tables usually perform in O(1) time, and usually outperform alternative implementations. Hash tables must be able to handle collisions: the mapping by the hash function of two different keys to the same bucket of the array. The two most widespread approaches to this problem are separate chaining and open addressing.
Pairing-based cryptography is used in the KZG cryptographic commitment scheme. A contemporary example of using bilinear pairings is exemplified in the BLS digital signature scheme. [3] Pairing-based cryptography relies on hardness assumptions separate from e.g. the elliptic-curve cryptography, which is older and has been studied for a longer time.
An associative array stores a set of (key, value) pairs and allows insertion, deletion, and lookup (search), with the constraint of unique keys. In the hash table implementation of associative arrays, an array A {\displaystyle A} of length m {\displaystyle m} is partially filled with n {\displaystyle n} elements, where m ≥ n {\displaystyle m ...
In mathematics, a chaotic map is a map (an evolution function) that exhibits some sort of chaotic behavior. Maps may be parameterized by a discrete-time or a continuous-time parameter. Discrete maps usually take the form of iterated functions. Chaotic maps often occur in the study of dynamical systems.
The all-pairs shortest path problem finds the shortest paths between every pair of vertices v, v' in the graph. The all-pairs shortest paths problem for unweighted directed graphs was introduced by Shimbel (1953), who observed that it could be solved by a linear number of matrix multiplications that takes a total time of O(V 4).
The tent map with parameter μ = 2 and the logistic map with parameter r = 4 are topologically conjugate, [1] and thus the behaviours of the two maps are in this sense identical under iteration. Depending on the value of μ, the tent map demonstrates a range of dynamical behaviour ranging from predictable to chaotic.