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The maximum frost depth observed in the contiguous United States ranges from 0 to 8 feet (2.4 m). [1] Below that depth, the temperature varies, but is always above 0 °C (32 °F). Alternatively, in Arctic and Antarctic locations the freezing depth is so deep that it becomes year-round permafrost, and the term "thaw depth" is used
Robert John Mitchell is an American geologist and Digges Distinguished Professor of Engineering Geology at Western Washington University.Mitchell, as a professor in the Geology Department, conducts research and teaches courses on the topics of engineering geology and hydrogeology, as well as numerical modeling of hydrology and water resources.
In astronomy or planetary science, the frost line, also known as the snow line or ice line, is the minimum distance from the central protostar of a solar nebula where the temperature is low enough for volatile compounds such as water, ammonia, methane, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide to condense into solid grains, which will allow their accretion into planetesimals.
Permafrost temperature profile. Permafrost occupies the middle zone, with the active layer above it, while geothermal activity keeps the lowest layer above freezing. The vertical 0 °C or 32 °F line denotes the average annual temperature that is crucial for the upper and lower limit of the permafrost zone, while the red lines represent seasonal temperature changes and seasonal temperature ...
Over 7,500 students have graduated from the College of the Environment, many going on to work in various environmental-related industries including: habitat biology, renewable energy, environmental education, and more.
The red dotted-to-solid line depicts the average temperature profile with depth of soil in a permafrost region. The trumpet-shaped lines at the top show seasonal maximum and minimum temperatures in the "active layer", which commences at the depth where the maximum annual temperature intersects 0 °C. The active layer is seasonally frozen.
Western Washington University (WWU or Western) is a public university in Bellingham, Washington, United States. The northernmost university in the contiguous United States , WWU was founded in 1893 as the state-funded New Whatcom Normal School, succeeding a private school of teaching for women founded in 1886.
Easterbrook was educated at the University of Washington, where he received the BSc in 1958, the MSc in 1959, and the PhD (Geology) in 1962. His doctoral dissertation was entitled Pleistocene Geology of the Northern Part of the Puget Lowland, Washington. He was chairman of the Geology Department at Western Washington University for 12 years.