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Many chains were made with the handles as part of the end link and thus were included in the measurement. [5] [6] The whole process is repeated for all the other pairs of points required, and it is a simple matter to make a scale diagram of the plot of land. The process is surprisingly accurate and requires only very low technology.
In the Southwestern United States, the vara chain also called the Texas chain, of 20 varas (16.9164 m , or 55 + 1 ⁄ 2 ft) was used in surveying Spanish and later Mexican land grants, such as the major Fisher–Miller and Paisano Grants in Texas, several similarly large ones in New Mexico, and over 200 smaller ranchos in California.
Distances were always measured in chains and links, based on Edmund Gunter's 66-foot measuring chain. The chain – an actual metal chain – was made up of 100 links, each being 7.92 inches (201 mm) long. Eighty chains constitute one U.S. survey mile (which differs from the international mile by a few millimeters).
The Texas Land Survey System is often measured in Spanish Customary Units. The most important of these is the vara, which, while ambiguous in the past, was legally established to be exactly 33 + 1 ⁄ 3 inches (846.67 mm) long in June 1919. [2] The subdivision levels in Texas are as follows: [3]
Measured survey : a building survey to produce plans of the building. such a survey may be conducted before renovation works, for commercial purpose, or at end of the construction process. Mining surveying: Mining surveying includes directing the digging of mine shafts and galleries and the calculation of volume of rock. It uses specialised ...
Some tapes are already calibrated to account for the sag at a standard tension. [1] [2] In this case, errors arise when the tape is pulled at a Tension which differs from the standard tension used at standardization. The tape will pulled less than its standard length when a tension less than the standard tension is applied, making the tape too ...
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Instruments used in surveying include: Alidade; Alidade table; Cosmolabe; Dioptra; Dumpy level; Engineer's chain; Geodimeter; Graphometer; Groma (surveying) Laser scanning; Level; Level staff; Measuring tape; Plane table; Pole (surveying) Prism (surveying) (corner cube retroreflector) Prismatic compass (angle measurement) Ramsden surveying ...