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The Napoleonic Code (French: Code Napoléon), officially the Civil Code of the French (French: Code civil des Français; simply referred to as Code civil), is the French civil code established during the French Consulate in 1804 and still in force in France, although heavily and frequently amended since its inception. [1]
Les cinq codes (English: the five codes) was a set of legal codes established under Napoléon I between 1804 and 1810: . Code civil (1804), the first and best known; Code de procédure civile (1806)
The subservient role of women before the revolution was perhaps best exemplified by the Frederician Code, published in 1761 and attacked by Enlightenment philosophers and publications. [ 7 ] The highly influential Encyclopédie in the 1750s set the tone of the Enlightenment, and its ideas exerted influence on the subsequent Revolution in France.
The Civil Code confirmed many of the moderate revolutionary policies of the National Assembly but retracted measures passed by the more radical Convention. The Civil Code restored patriarchal authority in the family, for example by making women and children subservient to male heads of households. [1]
Under the Napoleonic Code – which was very influential both inside and outside of Europe – married women and children were subordinated to the husband's/father's authority. [56] Married French women obtained the right to work without their husband's consent in 1965. [57]
Argentina: The 1870 Civil Code secure legal majority for unmarried women and widows, though it confirms married women as minors. [85] Finland: Women allowed to study at the universities by dispensation (dispensation demand dropped in 1901). [86] United Kingdom: Married Women's Property Act 1870; India: Female Infanticide Prevention Act, 1870
When the 1810 Napoleonic Code was introduced as a revision of the French Penal Code of 1791, as well as the Code of Offences and Penalties of 1795, abortion retained its felony status. Alongside this, the new penal code made it more difficult for women to divorce their husbands.
The legal status for women in many cases reverted to that stipulated in the Napoleonic Code that had first been installed in Spanish law in 1889. [6] The post Civil War period saw the return of laws that effectively made wards of women. They were dependent on husbands, fathers and brothers to work outside the house.