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Epistemic modality is a sub-type of linguistic modality that encompasses knowledge, belief, or credence in a proposition. Epistemic modality is exemplified by the English modals may, might, must. However, it occurs cross-linguistically, encoded in a wide variety of lexical items and grammatical structures.
Epistemic modal logic is a subfield of modal logic that is concerned with reasoning about knowledge.While epistemology has a long philosophical tradition dating back to Ancient Greece, epistemic logic is a much more recent development with applications in many fields, including philosophy, theoretical computer science, artificial intelligence, economics, and linguistics.
(expressing epistemic modality) (2) Agatha must go to jail. (expressing deontic modality) The sentence in (1) might be spoken by someone who has decided that all of the relevant facts in a particular murder investigation point to the conclusion that Agatha was the murderer, even though it may or may not actually be the case.
Epistemic modalities (from the Greek episteme, knowledge), deal with the certainty of sentences. The operator is translated as "x is certain that…", and the operator is translated as "For all x knows, it may be true that…"
Epistemologists of modality examine knowledge about what is possible and necessary. [173] Epistemic problems that arise when two people have diverging opinions on a topic are covered by the epistemology of disagreement. [174] Epistemologists of ignorance are interested in epistemic faults and gaps in knowledge. [175]
Epistemic possibility is often contrasted with subjunctive possibility (or alethic possibility), and although epistemic and subjunctive possibilities are often expressed using the same modal terms (such as possibly, could be, must be) or similar modal terms that are sometimes confused (such as may be and might be), statements that are qualified ...
Next, thrust in an inward and upward motion on the diaphragm. This will force air out of the lungs and remove the blockage. Repeat these abdominal thrusts up to five times, the doctor advised.
Considering evidentiality as a type of epistemic modality may only be the result of analyzing non-European languages in terms of the systems of modality found in European languages. For example, the modal verbs in Germanic languages are used to indicate both evidentiality and epistemic modality (and are thus ambiguous when taken out of context).