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Goal orientation, or achievement orientation, is an "individual disposition towards developing or validating one's ability in achievement settings". [1] In general, an individual can be said to be mastery or performance oriented, based on whether one's goal is to develop one's ability or to demonstrate one's ability, respectively. [ 2 ]
[3] [5] To avoid the conclusion of incapability and hence maintain self-worth, some students choose to use defensive strategies such as putting in less effort and setting low standards towards the event of evaluation. [1] These strategies, which support the maintenance of self-worth, are called self-handicapping and defensive pessimism ...
Controversy over the article led to the coining of the term Jensenism, [2] defined as the theory that IQ is largely determined by genes, including racial heritage. [3] It is among the most controversial [ 4 ] [ 5 ] in American psychology , and was largely responsible for initiating the current debate over race and intelligence .
Academic achievement or academic performance is the extent to which a student, teacher or institution has attained their short or long-term educational goals. Completion of educational benchmarks such as secondary school diplomas and bachelor's degrees represent academic achievement.
Need for achievement is a person's desire for significant accomplishment, mastery of skills, control, or high standards. The psychometric device designed to measure need-for-achievement, N-Ach , was popularized by the psychologist David McClelland .
Educational psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of human learning.The study of learning processes, from both cognitive and behavioral perspectives, allows researchers to understand individual differences in intelligence, cognitive development, affect, motivation, self-regulation, and self-concept, as well as their role in learning.
Achievement ideology is the belief that one reaches a socially perceived definition of success through hard work and education. In this view, factors such as gender , race / ethnicity , economic background, social networks , or neighborhoods/geography are secondary to hard work and education or are altogether irrelevant in the pursuit of success.
In the 1960s, psychologist David McClelland expanded on Murray's work, focusing on the effects of human needs in a work environment. [2] His need theory proposes that most people are consistently motivated by one of three basic desires: the need for affiliation, the need for achievement, or the need for power.
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