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At the top level are all alpha proteins (domains consisting of alpha helices), all beta proteins (domains consisting of beta sheets), and mixed alpha helix/beta sheet proteins. While most proteins adopt a single stable fold, a few proteins can rapidly interconvert between one or more folds. These are referred to as metamorphic proteins. [5]
Proteins have been studied and recognized since the 1700s by Antoine Fourcroy and others, [1] [2] who often collectively called them "albumins", or "albuminous materials" (Eiweisskörper, in German). [2] Gluten, for example, was first separated from wheat in published research around 1747, and later determined to exist in many plants. [1]
The following is a list of notable proteins that are produced from recombinant DNA, using biomolecular engineering. [1] In many cases, recombinant human proteins have replaced the original animal-derived version used in medicine. The prefix "rh" for "recombinant human" appears less and less in the literature.
A protein family is a group of evolutionarily related proteins. In many cases, a protein family has a corresponding gene family, in which each gene encodes a corresponding protein with a 1:1 relationship. The term "protein family" should not be confused with family as it is used in taxonomy.
Some proteins and protein complexes are built from the products of several genes (each gene contributing a polypeptide subunit), which means that the protein or complex will not have the same name or symbol as any one gene. For example, a particular protein called "example" (symbol "EXAMP") may have 2 chains (subunits), which are encoded by 2 ...
•List of human protein-coding genes page 2 covers genes EPHA1–MTMR3 •List of human protein-coding genes page 3 covers genes MTMR4–SLC17A7 •List of human protein-coding genes page 4 covers genes SLC17A8–ZZZ3 NB: Each list page contains 5000 human protein-coding genes, sorted alphanumerically by the HGNC-approved gene symbol.
A ribosomal protein (r-protein or rProtein [1] [2] [3]) is any of the proteins that, in conjunction with rRNA, make up the ribosomal subunits involved in the cellular process of translation. E. coli, other bacteria and Archaea have a 30S small subunit and a 50S large subunit, whereas humans and yeasts have a 40S small subunit and a 60S large ...
Looking from the bottom up there are ~20,000 protein coding genes in the human genome, (of which it is estimated that 12,733 already have Wikipedia articles (the Gene Wiki) about them). If one were to include splice variants, some argue that there could be as many as 500,000 unique human proteins, of which only about 900 are listed here.