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Inbreeding is also used to reveal deleterious recessive alleles, which can then be eliminated through assortative breeding or through culling. In plant breeding, inbred lines are used as stocks for the creation of hybrid lines to make use of the effects of heterosis. Inbreeding in plants also occurs naturally in the form of self-pollination.
The first lists show the most recent year where there is published total fertility rate (TFR) data ranked by sovereign states and dependencies, and are ordered by organization type – intergovernmental, governmental, or non-governmental organization that searched, organized, and published the data. Country ranking by most recent years lists:
This is a list of U.S. states, federal district, and territories by total fertility rate. Total Fertility Rate by U.S. state in 2021 according to the Center for Disease Control & Prevention Fertility rate by State 2008 - 2020
The main reason to limit sperm donations is the risk of accidental consanguinity or inbreeding between donor offspring. [1] In some countries such limits are voluntary (e.g., Japan and the United States) while in others they are imposed by law
In clinical genetics, consanguinity is defined as a union between two individuals who are related as second cousins or closer, with the inbreeding coefficient (F) equal or higher than 0.0156, where (F) represents the proportion of genetic loci at which the child of a consanguineous couple might inherit identical gene copies from both parents. [25]
These are lists of countries by foreign-born population and lists of countries by number native-born persons living in a foreign country (emigrants).. According to the United Nations, in 2019, the United States, Germany, Saudi Arabia, Russia and France had the largest number of immigrants of any country, while Tuvalu, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, and Tokelau had the lowest.
Rank State, federal district, or territory HDI (2022) [note 1] [1]1 Massachusetts 0.956 New Hampshire 3 Colorado 0.952 Washington 5 Minnesota 0.951 6 Connecticut 0.950
Certain levels of sibling marriage and cousin marriage is prevented by law in some countries, and referred to as consanguinity. A long term pattern of endogamy in a region may increase the risk of repeated cousin marriage during a long period of time, referred to as inbreeding. It may cause additional noise in the DNA autosomal data, giving the ...