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  2. Neutrino detector - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino_detector

    Cherenkov radiation is produced whenever charged particles such as electrons or muons are moving through a given detector medium somewhat faster than the speed of light in that medium. In a Cherenkov detector, a large volume of clear material such as water or ice is surrounded by light-sensitive photomultiplier tubes.

  3. Remote sensing (oceanography) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_sensing_(oceanography)

    The radiation captured by the sensor is corrected for atmospheric disturbance and radiation noise to compute the brightness temperature of the ocean surface. With a correct estimation of the emissivity of sea water (~0.99) the grey body temperature of the ocean surface can be deduced, also referred to as the Sea Surface Temperature (SST).

  4. Electromagnetic spectrum - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum

    Attempting to prove Maxwell's equations and detect such low frequency electromagnetic radiation, in 1886, the physicist Heinrich Hertz built an apparatus to generate and detect what are now called radio waves. Hertz found the waves and was able to infer (by measuring their wavelength and multiplying it by their frequency) that they traveled at ...

  5. Radiometer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiometer

    While the term radiometer can refer to any device that measures electromagnetic radiation (e.g. light), the term is often used to refer specifically to a Crookes radiometer ("light-mill"), a device invented in 1873 in which a rotor (having vanes which are dark on one side, and light on the other) in a partial vacuum spins when exposed to light ...

  6. Microwave radiometer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave_radiometer

    Solids, liquids (e.g. the Earth's surface, ocean, sea ice, snow, vegetation) but also gases emit and absorb microwave radiation. Traditionally, the amount of radiation a microwave radiometer receives is expressed as the equivalent blackbody temperature also called brightness temperature. In the microwave range several atmospheric gases exhibit ...

  7. Cosmic-ray observatory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic-ray_observatory

    It detects cosmic rays through the use of two different methods: watching Cherenkov radiation made when particles interact with water, and observing ultraviolet light emitted in the Earth's atmosphere. [9] In 2018, the installation of an upgrade called AugerPrime has started adding scintillation and radio detectors to the Observatory.

  8. Sonar - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonar

    The first recorded use of the technique was in 1490 by Leonardo da Vinci, who used a tube inserted into the water to detect vessels by ear. [6] It was developed during World War I to counter the growing threat of submarine warfare , with an operational passive sonar system in use by 1918. [ 3 ]

  9. Radiation detection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_detection

    The following Radiological protection instruments can be used to detect and measure ionizing radiation: ... Radiation detection. 1 language ...

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