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if the allele A frequency is denoted by the symbol p and the allele a frequency denoted by q, then p+q=1. For example, if p=0.7, then q must be 0.3. In other words, if the allele frequency of A equals 70%, the remaining 30% of the alleles must be a, because together they equal 100%. [5]
The sum of the entries is p 2 + 2pq + q 2 = 1, as the genotype frequencies must sum to one. Note again that as p + q = 1, the binomial expansion of (p + q) 2 = p 2 + 2pq + q 2 = 1 gives the same relationships.
Σfxy = 1.g 1 + 0.g 2 + 0.g 3 + 0.g 4 = g 1. Σfx = g 1 + g 2 = p A. Σfy = g 1 + g 2 = p B. The covariance between x and y values is Σfxy - Σfx Σfy = g 1 - p A p B. which is equivalent to the LD coefficient, D, as defined above. It is usually convenient to calculate the correlation rather than the covariance, normalising by the variances:
Recalling that f AA = (1/2) (1+f A) , f X = f PQ = (1/2) (n B + n C + 1) (1 + f A) . In this example, assuming that f A = 0, f X = 0.0156 (rounded) = f PQ, one measure of the "relatedness" between P and Q. In this section, powers of (1/2) were used to represent the "probability of autozygosity". Later, this same method will be used to represent ...
An allele [1] (or allelomorph) is a variant of the sequence of nucleotides at a particular location, or locus, on a DNA molecule. [2]Alleles can differ at a single position through single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), [3] but they can also have insertions and deletions of up to several thousand base pairs.
A map of the locations of genetic samples of several African populations (left) and principal components 1 and 2 of the data superimposed on the map (right). The principal coordinate plane has been rotated 16.11° to align with the map. It corresponds to the east–west and north–south distributions of the populations. [16]
Q2, or the second quarter, refers to the accounting period of April, May and June. Any financial statements you receive from April 1 to June 30 are for Q2 of the fiscal quarter system.
Firm 1's reaction function q1=R1(q2) gives its optimal output q1 to a given output q2 of firm 2. Likewise, firm 2's reaction function q2=R2(q1). The Cournot-Nash equilibrium occurs where the two reaction functions intersect and both firms are choosing the optimal output given the output of the other firm.