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The azygos system of veins is considered to be the azygos vein, along with its left-sided counterparts, the hemiazygos vein and the accessory hemiazygos vein. It also creates a cavo-caval anastomosis by offering an alternative, collateral blood flow from the lower half of the body to the superior vena cava, bypassing the inferior vena cava.
The hemiazygos vein and the accessory hemiazygos vein, when taken together, essentially serve as the left-sided equivalent of the azygos vein. [2] That is, the azygos vein serves to drain most of the posterior intercostal veins on the right side of the body, and the hemiazygos vein and the accessory hemiazygos vein drain most of the posterior intercostal veins on the left side of the body. [2]
The right side drains into the azygos vein, while the left side drains into the left superior intercostal vein or the accessory hemiazygos vein. Bronchial veins are thereby part of the bronchial circulation, carrying waste products away from the cells that constitute the lungs. The bronchial veins are counterparts to the bronchial arteries.
The accessory hemiazygos vein varies inversely in size with the left superior intercostal vein. It usually receives the posterior intercostal veins from the 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th intercostal spaces between the left superior intercostal vein and highest tributary of the hemiazygos vein; [3] the left bronchial vein sometimes opens into it.
the azygos vein (in the case of the right ascending lumbar vein). [1] [2] the hemiazygos vein (in the case of the left ascending lumbar vein). [1] The first and second lumbar veins ends in the ascending lumbar vein(the third and fourth lumbar veins open into the posterior aspect of the inferior vena cava)
The 3rd and 4th lumbar veins drain into the inferior vena cava. [3]The fate of the two superior lumbar veins is far more variable, and may drain into either the inferior vena cava, ascending lumbar vein, azygos vein, or (on the left side) the left renal vein; the 1st lumbar vein often passes inferiorly to join the 2nd lumbar vein, but may less commonly drain into the ascending lumbar vein, or ...
Azygos vein. Posterior intercostal veins. Intervertebral vein; Veins of vertebral column Anterior internal vertebral venous plexus. Basivertebral veins; Anterior spinal veins; Posterior spinal veins; Veins of upper limb Subclavian vein; Axillary vein. Subscapular vein; Circumflex scapular vein. Thoracodorsal vein; Posterior circumflex humeral vein
Bilaterally, the internal thoracic vein arises from the superior epigastric vein, and accompanies the internal thoracic artery along its course. [1] It drains the intercostal veins, although the posterior drainage is often handled by the azygous veins. [1]