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Hole in the head can be reversed by removing all activated carbon and conducting large percentage water changes. Greater than 90% water changes may need to be done to reduce the effects of activated carbon. More commonly, cures are made by moving the fish to a new aquarium that has never had fish develop HLLE in it. [4] [5]
Edwardsiella ictaluri (also known as enteric septicaemia of catfish, hole in the head disease [2] and ESC) is a member of the family Hafniaceae. The bacterium is a short, gram negative , pleomorphic rod with flagella.
H. salmonis and H. truttae live in the intestines of fish. Species in the Hexamita family are most commonly spread through fecal matter. [1] The genus also includes the species Hexamita inflata. [2] It is believed that Hexamita parasites are one possible cause for head and lateral line erosion ("hole-in-the-head disease") in aquarium fishes.
Hole-in-the-head: Hexamita parasite: Discus and cichlids: Pale ulcerated area around head: Metronidazole or similar medication. Use food containing vitamin C: Skin or gill flukes: Gyrodactylus and Dactylogyrus parasites: All: Labored breathing, scraping against objects, abnormal gill function: Commercially available medication Anchor worm ...
Ulcerative dermal necrosis (UDN) is a chronic dermatological disease of cold water salmonid fish that had a severe impact on north Atlantic Salmon and sea trout stocks in the late 1960s and 1970s–1980. [1] Despite much investigation, the cause of UDN has not been determined. [1] The onset of symptoms occurs after migration into freshwater. [1]
Enteric redmouth disease, or simply redmouth disease is a bacterial infection of freshwater and marine fish caused by the pathogen Yersinia ruckeri. It is primarily found in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and other cultured salmonids. The disease is characterized by subcutaneous hemorrhaging of the mouth, fins, and eyes.
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Pasteurellosis is also described as photobacteriosis (due to the change in the taxonomic position), caused by this halophilic bacterium. It was first isolated in mortalities occurring in natural populations of white perch (Morone americana) and striped bass (M. saxatilis) in 1963 in Chesapeake Bay, USA (Snieszko et al., 1964) [incomplete short citation].
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