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For comparisons with the light travel distance of the astronomical objects listed below, the age of the universe since the Big Bang is currently estimated as 13.787±0.020 Gyr. [ 1 ] Distances to remote objects, other than those in nearby galaxies, are nearly always inferred by measuring the cosmological redshift of their light.
An overview of ranges of mass. To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following lists describe various mass levels between 10 −67 kg and 10 52 kg. The least massive thing listed here is a graviton, and the most massive thing is the observable universe.
91.5 meters – 137 meters – length of a soccer field [121] 105 meters – length of football pitch (UEFA stadium categories 3 and 4) 105 meters – length of a typical football field; 109.73 meters – total length of an American football field (120 yards, including the end zones) 110–150 meters – the width of an Australian football field
The program, officially named "Hubble Deep Fields Initiative 2012", is aimed to advance the knowledge of early galaxy formation by studying high-redshift galaxies in blank fields with the help of gravitational lensing to see the "faintest galaxies in the distant universe". [137] The Frontier Fields web page describes the goals of the program being:
1 zetta square meter Z(m 2) 1 000 Gm 2: 10 22 11 000 Gm 2: Area swept by Mercury's orbit around the Sun 37 000 Gm 2: Area swept by Venus' orbit around the Sun 71 000 Gm 2: Area swept by Earth's orbit around the Sun 10 23 160 000 Gm 2: Area swept by Mars' orbit around the Sun 281 000 Gm 2: Surface area of a Dyson sphere with a radius of 1 AU 10 ...
The magnetometer observed a deflection or "draping" of the magnetic field, consistent with local ionization of neutral gas. [14] During the two following encounters, the magnetometer team determined that gases in Enceladus's atmosphere are concentrated over the south polar region, with atmospheric density away from the pole being much lower. [ 14 ]
[f] [154] [155] Filling the space between the stars is a disk of gas and dust called the interstellar medium. This disk has at least a comparable extent in radius to the stars, [156] whereas the thickness of the gas layer ranges from hundreds of light-years for the colder gas to thousands of light-years for warmer gas. [157] [158]
"Late universe" measurements using calibrated distance ladder techniques have converged on a value of approximately 73 (km/s)/Mpc. Since 2000, "early universe" techniques based on measurements of the cosmic microwave background have become available, and these agree on a value near 67.7 (km/s)/Mpc. [64] (This accounts for the change in the ...