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  2. Bicarbonate buffer system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicarbonate_buffer_system

    The tears are unique among body fluids in that they are exposed to the environment. Much like other body fluids, tear fluid is kept in a tight pH range using the bicarbonate buffer system. [15] The pH of tears shift throughout a waking day, rising "about 0.013 pH units/hour" until a prolonged closed-eye period causes the pH to fall again. [15]

  3. Carbocation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbocation

    The trityl carbocation (shown below) is indeed a stable carbocationic system, for example in the form of trityl hexafluorophosphate. [10] reaction of triphenylmethanol with sulfuric acid. Carbocations are reactive intermediates in many organic reactions.

  4. Carbonization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonization

    A series of processes that involve carbonization. [2]Carbonization is a pyrolytic reaction, therefore, is considered a complex process in which many reactions take place concurrently such as dehydrogenation, condensation, hydrogen transfer and isomerization.

  5. Fumarase - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumarase

    This led to the conclusion that the formation of S-malate proceeds as E1 elimination - protonation of fumarate to create a carbocation was followed by the addition of a hydroxyl group from H 2 O. However, more recent trials have provided evidence that the mechanism actually takes place through an acid-base catalyzed elimination by means of a ...

  6. Elimination reaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elimination_reaction

    However, other types are known, generally for systems where β-elimination cannot occur. The next most common type of elimination reaction is α-elimination. For a carbon center, the result of α-elimination is the formation of a carbene, which includes "stable carbenes" such as carbon monoxide or isocyanides.

  7. Substitution reaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitution_reaction

    Substitution reactions in organic chemistry are classified either as electrophilic or nucleophilic depending upon the reagent involved, whether a reactive intermediate involved in the reaction is a carbocation, a carbanion or a free radical, and whether the substrate is aliphatic or aromatic. Detailed understanding of a reaction type helps to ...

  8. Neighbouring group participation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighbouring_group...

    In this type of substitution reaction, one group of the substrate participates initially in the reaction and thereby affects the reaction. A classic example of NGP is the reaction of a sulfur or nitrogen mustard with a nucleophile, the rate of reaction is much higher for the sulfur mustard and a nucleophile than it would be for a primary or secondary alkyl chloride without a heteroatom.

  9. Acid–base homeostasis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid–base_homeostasis

    Acid–base homeostasis is the homeostatic regulation of the pH of the body's extracellular fluid (ECF). [1] The proper balance between the acids and bases (i.e. the pH) in the ECF is crucial for the normal physiology of the body—and for cellular metabolism. [1]