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  2. Equivocation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivocation

    Equivocation in a syllogism (a chain of reasoning) produces a fallacy of four terms (quaternio terminorum). Below is an example: Since only man [human] is rational. And no woman is a man [male]. Therefore, no woman is rational. [1] The first instance of "man" implies the entire human species, while the second implies just those who are male.

  3. False equivalence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_equivalence

    A false equivalence or false equivalency is an informal fallacy in which an equivalence is drawn between two subjects based on flawed or false reasoning. This fallacy is categorized as a fallacy of inconsistency. [1] Colloquially, a false equivalence is often called "comparing apples and oranges."

  4. Conflation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflation

    The result of conflating concepts may give rise to fallacies and ambiguity, including the fallacy of four terms in a categorical syllogism.For example, the word "bat" has at least two distinct meanings: a flying animal, and a piece of sporting equipment (such as a baseball bat or cricket bat).

  5. Fallacy of four terms - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacy_of_four_terms

    In everyday reasoning, the fallacy of four terms occurs most frequently by equivocation: using the same word or phrase but with a different meaning each time, creating a fourth term even though only three distinct words are used. The resulting argument sounds like the (valid) first example above, but is in fact structured like the invalid ...

  6. Loaded question - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loaded_question

    For example, the previous question would not be loaded if it were asked during a trial in which the defendant had already admitted to beating his wife. [2] This informal fallacy should be distinguished from that of begging the question , [ 3 ] which offers a premise whose plausibility depends on the truth of the proposition asked about, and ...

  7. Politician's syllogism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician's_syllogism

    The politician's syllogism similarly says nothing about all known "somethings" that could be done. As is common with fallacious undistributed middle arguments, it can also be seen as the fallacy of affirming the consequent when restated as an equivalent hypothetical syllogism: [5] To improve things, things must change. We are changing things.

  8. History is full of examples of political violence, which ...

    www.aol.com/history-full-examples-political...

    Or consider any of a long list of examples. The riots of Jan. 6 failed to achieve their objective of overturning the 2020 election. The attacks of 9/11 failed to drive the U.S. out of the Middle East.

  9. List of fallacies - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies

    Argument from fallacy (also known as the fallacy fallacy) – the assumption that, if a particular argument for a "conclusion" is fallacious, then the conclusion by itself is false. [ 5 ] Base rate fallacy – making a probability judgment based on conditional probabilities , without taking into account the effect of prior probabilities .