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The expected utility for the buyer will always increase - for a monotonic, positive utility function - as the probability of encountering a peach increases. = (¯) (¯) > Furthermore, the equation for a buyer's expected utility implies that the equilibrium price in an informationally symmetric market is: = (¯) + (¯) However, the used car ...
In most simple microeconomic stories of supply and demand a static equilibrium is observed in a market; however, economic equilibrium can be also dynamic. Equilibrium may also be economy-wide or general, as opposed to the partial equilibrium of a single market. Equilibrium can change if there is a change in demand or supply conditions.
Partial equilibrium, as the name suggests, takes into consideration only a part of the market to attain equilibrium. Jain proposes (attributed to George Stigler ): "A partial equilibrium is one which is based on only a restricted range of data, a standard example is price of a single product, the prices of all other products being held fixed ...
The point where the IS and LM schedules intersect represents a short-run equilibrium in the real and monetary sectors (though not necessarily in other sectors, such as labor markets): both the product market and the money market are in equilibrium. [12] This equilibrium yields a unique combination of the interest rate and real GDP.
That is, if we consider a sufficiently small change in some exogenous parameter, we can calculate how each endogenous variable changes using only the first derivatives of the terms that appear in the equilibrium equations. For example, suppose the equilibrium value of some endogenous variable is determined by the following equation:
The conceptual framework of equilibrium in a market economy was developed by Léon Walras [7] and further extended by Vilfredo Pareto. [8] It was examined with close attention to generality and rigour by twentieth century mathematical economists including Abraham Wald, [9] Paul Samuelson, [10] Kenneth Arrow and Gérard Debreu. [11]
For example, if an increase in German government spending by €100, with no change in tax rates, causes German GDP to increase by €150, then the spending multiplier is 1.5. Other types of fiscal multipliers can also be calculated, like multipliers that describe the effects of changing taxes (such as lump-sum taxes or proportional taxes ).
It follows that the market value of total excess demand in the economy must be zero, which is the statement of Walras's law. Walras's law implies that if there are n markets and n – 1 of these are in equilibrium, then the last market must also be in equilibrium, a property which is essential in the proof of the existence of equilibrium.