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  2. Languages of Scotland - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Scotland

    The growth in prestige of Early Scots in the 14th century, and the complementary decline of French in Scotland, made Scots the prestige language of most of eastern Scotland. By the 16th century Middle Scots had established orthographic and literary norms largely independent of those developing in England. [8] "

  3. History of the Scots language - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Scots_language

    Northumbrian Old English had been established in south-eastern Scotland as far as the River Forth by the 7th century. It remained largely confined to this area until the 13th century, continuing in common use while Scottish Gaelic was the court language until displaced by Norman French in the early 12th century.

  4. Anglo-Normans - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Normans

    The Norman conquest of England brought Britain and Ireland into the orbit of the European continent, especially what remained of Roman-influenced language and culture. The England emerging from the Conquest owed a debt to the Romance languages and the culture of ancient Rome. It transmitted itself in the emerging feudal world that took its place.

  5. Celtic Christianity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Christianity

    People have conceived of "Celtic Christianity" in different ways at different times. Writings on the topic frequently say more about the time in which they originate than about the historical state of Christianity in the early medieval Celtic-speaking world, and many notions are now discredited in modern academic discourse.

  6. Cistercians - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistercians

    The Making of England, 55 BC to 1399. Volume I of A History of England, edited by Lacey Baldwin Smith (6th ed.). Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath. ISBN 978-0-669-24457-1. Lekai, Louis (1977). The Cistercians: Ideals and Reality. The Kent State University Press, 1977. ISBN 978-0-873-38201-4. Logan, F. Donald, A History of the Church in the Middle Ages.

  7. Scots language - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_language

    Scots [note 1] is a language variety descended from Early Middle English in the West Germanic language family.Most commonly spoken in the Scottish Lowlands, the Northern Isles of Scotland, and northern Ulster in Ireland (where the local dialect is known as Ulster Scots), it is sometimes called: Lowland Scots, to distinguish it from Scottish Gaelic, the Celtic language that was historically ...

  8. Insular monasticism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_Monasticism

    The Hiberno-Scottish mission was a series of missionary expeditions by Gaelic monks from Ireland and the western coast of Scotland, which contributed to the spread of Christianity and established monasteries in Britain and continental Europe during the Middle Ages.

  9. Monastic sign languages - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastic_sign_languages

    Modern Cistercian monks in England or the United States use a syntax derived "heavily, but not exclusively", from English, [6] while Cistercian monks in France loosely follow the syntax of the French language; at least as much as it is possible to do so, given the limited lexicon. [7]