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A transcriptional activator is a protein (transcription factor) that increases transcription of a gene or set of genes. [1] Activators are considered to have positive control over gene expression, as they function to promote gene transcription and, in some cases, are required for the transcription of genes to occur.
Activator protein 1 (AP-1) is a transcription factor that regulates gene expression in response to a variety of stimuli, including cytokines, growth factors, stress, and bacterial and viral infections. [1] AP-1 controls a number of cellular processes including differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. [2]
The use of activation and coactivation allows for greater control over when, where and how much of a protein is produced. [1] [7] [16] This enables each cell to be able to quickly respond to environmental or physiological changes and helps to mitigate any damage that may occur if it were otherwise unregulated. [1] [7]
Enhancers do not act on the promoter region itself, but are bound by activator proteins as first shown by in vivo competition experiments. [ 17 ] [ 18 ] Subsequently, molecular studies showed direct interactions with transcription factors and cofactors, including the mediator complex , which recruits polymerase II and the general transcription ...
Catabolite activator protein (CAP; also known as cAMP receptor protein, CRP) is a trans-acting transcriptional activator that exists as a homodimer in solution. Each subunit of CAP is composed of a ligand -binding domain at the N-terminus (CAP N , residues 1–138) and a DNA-binding domain at the C-terminus (DBD, residues 139–209).
Diagram of mediator with cyclin-dependent kinase module. Mediator is a multiprotein complex that functions as a transcriptional coactivator in all eukaryotes.It was discovered in 1990 in the lab of Roger D. Kornberg, recipient of the 2006 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
Activator E2F proteins can then transcribe S phase promoting genes. In REF52 cells, overexpression of activator E2F1 is able to push quiescent cells into S phase. [7] While repressors E2F4 and 5 do not alter cell proliferation, they mediate G1 arrest. [2] E2F activator levels are cyclic, with maximal expression during G1/S.
The protein encoded by this gene is a small glycolipid transport protein which acts as a substrate specific co-factor for the lysosomal enzyme β-hexosaminidase A. β-hexosaminidase A, together with GM2 ganglioside activator, catalyzes the degradation of the ganglioside GM2, and other molecules containing terminal N-acetyl hexosamines.
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