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Juvenile delinquency, also known as juvenile offending, is the act of participating in unlawful behavior as a minor or individual younger than the statutory age of majority. [1] These acts would otherwise be considered crimes if the individuals committing them were older. [2]
One unique aspect of this theory is that the theory purports to explain more than just juvenile delinquency and crime committed by lower-class individuals. Since crime is understood to be learned behaviour, the theory is also applicable to white-collar, corporate, and organized crime. [2]
In criminology, the focal concerns theory, posited in 1962 by Walter B. Miller, attempts to explain the behavior of "members of adolescent street corner groups in lower class communities" as concern for six focal concerns: trouble, toughness, smartness, excitement, fate, and autonomy. [1]
Another early form of the theory was proposed by Reiss (1951) [3] who defined delinquency as, "...behavior consequent to the failure of personal and social controls." ." Personal control was defined as, "...the ability of the individual to refrain from meeting needs in ways which conflict with the norms and rules of the community" while social control was, "...the ability of social groups or ...
The ‘tough-on-juvenile crime’ stance was a product of Princeton Professor John DiIulio’s ‘super-predator’ theory, which purported to find ‘evidence that juveniles are doing homicidal ...
Neutralisation techniques were first proposed by David Matza and Gresham Sykes in their work on Edwin Sutherland's differential association in the 1950s. While Matza and Sykes were at the time working on juvenile delinquency, they hypothesised that the same techniques could be found throughout society.
This theory is used with respect to antisocial behavior instead of crime due to the differing definitions of 'crime' among cultures. Due to similar characteristics and trajectories, this theory can be applied to both females and males.
School districts around the country are being accused of funneling kids from schools to juvenile jails at an alarming clip, but Connecticut has worked hard in recent years to reverse course. The state consolidated everything related to youth crime under one roof and passed a series of laws during the 2000s to reduce the number of incarcerated ...